Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Essential Minerals in the Hair

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

influences, genetic factors may only account for 30–40% of ASD. The cognitive level of individuals with ASD is nega-
cases, with environmental factors being more notable (3). tively correlated with the concentration of Mn, whereas zinc
outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental from 90.57% to 103.53% after calculation.
of 15 items and is designed to provide definitive diagno- along with their corresponding interquartile ranges (25th and
agents. Children whose mothers had a history of hyperten- Table 1 outlines the baseline characteristics of 57 children
prepared by the Tanmo Quality Inspection Standard Mate- Table 3 shows a comparison of heavy metal levels in hair
and lutetium (Lu), with a concentration of 1 ppm. Quality to-moderate autism had significantly higher levels of Pb
Table 1 Socio-demographic Control group Mild-to-moderate Severe autism P value
ranges (25th–75th percentiles). Continuous data comparisons were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis
Table 2 Comparison of levels Control group Mild-to-moderate autism Severe autism P value
ranges (25th–75th percentiles). Continuous data comparisons were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test
Table 3 Comparison of levels Control group Mild-to-moderate autism Severe autism P value
As, Cd, and Pb in the same age group (Table 4). Among chil- have revealed that manganese exposure can impact the con-
those with mild-to-moderate autism (Table 5). drial dysfunction (24). Several studies have confirmed our
Fig. 1 Comparison of the levels of essential minerals (µg/g) in hair samples of boys and girls expressed as median (line) and 25–75 percentile
Fig. 2 Comparison of the levels of heavy metals in hair samples of boys and girls expressed as median (line) and 25–75 percentile boundaries.
Table 4 Comparison of levels Control group Mild-to-moderate autism Severe autism P value
ranges (25th–75th percentiles). Continuous data comparisons were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test
Table 5 Comparison of Control group Mild-to-moderate autism Severe autism P value
ranges (25th–75th percentiles). Continuous data comparisons were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test
the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from 15. Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig

Methods (brief)

Questionnaires and hair samples were collected, and 21 chemical elements were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Children with severe autism showed significantly higher levels of the trace elements copper
tion, and motor skills. or nails as biological samples to indicate the levels of heavy
or absorption rates (6). Certain studies suggest that children findings remain inconsistent due to factors like sample size,
and vanadium (V) in their biological samples compared
professionals of a higher qualification level. All children quality control sample and a blank sample were included.
The hair sample collection procedure was as follows: autism. Of these, 44 were boys and 13 were girls in the con-
added to a digestion tube with 5 mL of concentrated nitric three groups of children. However, the severity of the illness
20 min using a CEM MARS-6 microwave digestion instru-
boron (B), Mg, aluminum (Al), P, K, calcium (Ca), V, Cr, hair samples from children, revealing that the levels of Cu
rial Center (BWT30302-100–100). The process of internal samples obtained from children, indicating statistically sig-
hair samples of children B 2.03 (1.29–2.56) 2.02 (1.08–2.69) 2.06 (1.45–2.64) 0.891
samples of children Al 12.6 (7.8–19.7) 13.1 (8.9–19.7) 13.5 (8.4–23.0) 0.587
Fig. 1 Comparison of the levels of essential minerals (µg/g) in hair samples of boys and girls expressed as median (line) and 25–75 percentile
Fig. 2 Comparison of the levels of heavy metals in hair samples of boys and girls expressed as median (line) and 25–75 percentile boundaries.
hair samples. YY, QC, MK, and QC were involved in sample process- Biol 62:126638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126638
minerals in hair samples of children with autism in Oman: a case-
AC, Voskresenskaya ON, Aaseth J, Santamaria A, Notova SV, L, Bizarro-Nevares P, Gutiérrez-Valdez AL, Ordóñez-Librado

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised