to confer tolerance against arsenic toxicity

Overview

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Key numbers

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cause substantial damage to plants (2). Among these, (15). In non-legume plants, ureides make up just 15% of
impacts to the health of plants. The primary causes of they constitute 90% of the entire nitrogenous compounds
lism that widely constitute from plants and have notable has been investigated (14, 23), its role in mitigating As-
exogenous application of allantoin mitigates As toxicity interval. The Na3AsO4.7H2O (98.5% purity) was obtained
and 84% respectively. Vigorous, identical, and healthy sured in cm and leaf area quantified in cm2 and the cor-
tic pots containing 13 kg soil (Supplementary Table 1) in of Yoshida (26) was followed which is as follows:
with the last urea application (Supplementary Table 2). air dried and then at 80 °C oven dried for 72 h.
by soaking them with tissue, and measured the turgid powdered with 5 ml of 3% (w/v) aqueous sulfosalicylic
RWC (%) = ((FW − DW)/(TW − DW)) × 100 off and took in a test tube, to which was added 1.0 ml of
portable chlorophyll meter (LEAF, FT Green LLC, USA) water bath for 60 min at 100 °C to allow the reddish col-
reproducibility. Tissue samples consisting of 0.5 g of fresh nized by 3 mL of 5% TCA (trichloroacetic acid), which
tissue was homogenized with 3 mL of 5% TCA to extract homogenized in 1 mL of fresh extraction buffer which
tion of 20% TCA and 0.5% TBA, was introduced into in maintaining the protein conformation and protect
Kampfenkel et al. (32). Leaf samples homogenized in 3 phosphoric acid, 100% ethanol, and dH2O was done and
dissolved in 5% meta-phosphoric acid and subsequently of Bradford reagent was added to 5 ml of the enzyme
12, 16, 20, and 24 µg mL− 1 GSH in 5% HPO3 (34). and Asada (36) was utilized. This method quantifies
ture, and the reaction was held at a constant tempera- est Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% significance
To determine the activity of Glutathione S-transferase area showed reduction of 24 and 26% respectively, in rel-
tiated by the addition of 1 mM 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitro- and plant height were observed by 24 and 20%, respec-
As stress alone (Fig. 2A, B). Furthermore, As stress led over generated Pro content by 15 and 26%, respectively,
27%, when compared to corresponding As treated plant. A noticeable marked rising trend was recorded in the
Whereas, 0.5 mM AL increased FW and DW by 12 and H2O2 and MDA content by 30 and 32% respectively, as
18%, compared to As treated plants. (Fig. 2C, D). a consequence of As stress when compared to control
plant. However, when AL was applied alongside As stress, Similarly, MDA content also declined 8 and 17% by the
When plants treated with As and get toxicity, leaf RWC was declined by 18 and 42% respectively and DHA con-
and Chl index (SPAD value) was reduced by 16 and 20% tent considerably accelerated by 42% as compared to
respectively and EL was increased by 31% in compari- unstressed plants. With application of 1.0 mM AL, AsA
son to the unstressed plant. Conversely, addition of 0.5 content and AsA/DHA ratio increased by 23 and 53%,
improving RWC (7 and 13%) and SPAD value by (12 and by 19% (Fig. 6A, B, C). The GSH content was notably
25%) respectively and while reducing EL by 10 and 17% reduced by 43%, while GSSG content increased by 46%,
a remarkable increase was exhibited in Pro accumulation GSH/GSSG ratio also substantially diminished by 61%,
by 89% under As stress compared to control group. How- compared to non-stressed control (Fig. 6F). Supplemen-
mM Allantoin, AL0.5= 0.5 mM Allantoin, AL1.0= 1.0 mM Allantoin. Mean (± SD) was calculated from each treatment with combination of three replications.
mine the mean (± SD). Tukey’s HSD test indicates statistically significant differences at p < 0.05, which are indicated by bars with distinct letters
and 42%, respectively, in corresponding to stressed only of 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM AL by 33 and 37%, respectively,
1 mM AL (Fig. 6E). Moreover, a notable increasing trend Activities of antioxidants and glyoxalase enzymes
Allantoin, AL1.0= 1.0 mM Allantoin. Three replications from each treatment were used to determine the mean (± SD). Tukey’s HSD test indicates statistically
APX (46%), MDHAR (50%), DHAR (16%), and GR (46%) and 1.0 mM AL restored DHAR and GR activities to lev-
(Fig. 7A-D). The addition of 1.0 mM AL, however, was els 34 and 49% higher and 20 and 46% higher, respec-
to determine the mean (± SD). Tukey’s HSD test indicates statistically significant differences at p < 0.05, which are indicated by bars with distinct letters
The addition of As significantly increased GST activity 37% and 24% greater than those found in stressed plants
(78%), while at the same time decreased POD, CAT and exposed only to As.

Methods (brief)

Seeds were collected from the BRRI (Bangladesh Rice iological and biochemical data along with phenotypic
Fresh harvested leaves of certain weight were collected Proline (Pro) concentration was determined following
excess moisture was taken out from the samples carefully each plant in the trial were pooled in lots of 0.5 g and
reproducibility. Tissue samples consisting of 0.5 g of fresh nized by 3 mL of 5% TCA (trichloroacetic acid), which
These samples are next submerged for 1 h in a water-bath obtained homogenate was further centrifuged at 11, 500
ments, USA). Finally, the same samples are sterilized via incubate at room temperature for 60 min to allow time
calculate the leaf EL following formula was used: of 0.28 mM− 1 cm− 1. H2O2 concentration in every sample
ifications. In this estimation, freshly harvested 0.5 g leaf ment were taken. The leaf samples were completely
mation of chromogen. After incubation, the samples chilled mortar and pestle to avoid denaturation of pro-
subtraction of absorbance at 532 nm to fix non-specific natant from the cellular debris. The supernatant collected
g leaf samples, we employed the protocol provided by tein molecules. Later to that CBB G-250 addition of 85%
Kampfenkel et al. (32). Leaf samples homogenized in 3 phosphoric acid, 100% ethanol, and dH2O was done and
(DHA) computed as the difference between total and under the same conditions for reaction as the samples.
dinucleotide phosphate) while glutathione reductase of the treatment samples, expressed as mg of protein per

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised