Mineral, trace element, and toxic metal concentration

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

Svenska Kulturfonden, Grant/Award Numbers: (mean ± SD; IE: 286.19 ± 69.62 μg/g, healthy: 324.52 ± 58.69 μg/g; P = .001),
an estimated prevalence of 0.6%-0.75% in the general dog population.1,2 Helsinki University Animal Hospital (HUAH). To increase sample size,
of cases remain unresponsive to antiseizure drug (ASD) treatment,6 and 6 months-6 years of age, and no detectable abnormalities on interictal
enzymatic activities, mitochondrial functions, myelination, synaptogen- are presented in Table 1. Dogs that were older than 3 years of age
hair analysis, which provides a reading of elements deposited in the cells food, dry if their diet consisted of 80% or more of dry food, and mixed
ered a more stable method for estimating long-term trace element status.18 canned food. In this study, raw diets were defined as various types of
another veterinarian in a small animal clinic setting (n = 54) and
panion dogs living in their home environment in Finland. Dogs with a ment (n = 53). In the latter case, dog owners were provided with
dogs (N = 63). bination of nitric and perchloric acid (TraceMetal Grade, Fisher Chemi-
EEG 3 were used as single element internal standards with recovery (%) gen-
Leucocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell volume, tory participating in 2 different external proficiency testing programs
segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (LOD) for all tested elements was 0.001 ppm or μg/g. The element
from the neck area. The hair was cleaned with A12t Dilutus 80% etha- All statistical analyses were done using SPSS for Windows (version
sified as having either dark (70%-100% of the sample was black or done to evaluate which elements were significantly associated with
brown) or light (70%-100% of the sample was white, cream/beige, diagnosis by using a Mann-Whitney U test or a Kruskal-Wallis test fol-
arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni). At the laboratory, the sam- Normal distribution with log link, a confidence level of 95%, robust
Epileptic (n = 63) P values
Variable All (n = 63) Untreated (n = 10) Treated (n = 53) Healthy (n = 42) P1 P2
80% or more of the total diet.
70% to 100% of the hair sample was white, cream/beige, red, or gray.
70% to 100% of the hair sample was black or brown.
15 were excluded: 6 because of late seizure onset, 4 because of hav- of treated (n = 53) and untreated (n = 10). The most used ASDs were
TABLE 3 Mean hair element concentrations (μg/g) in epileptic dogs (n = 63), divided into untreated (n = 10) and treated (n = 53), and healthy dogs (n = 42).
(μg/g) Epileptic (n = 63) mean ± SD (min-max) P values
from the Healthy (n = 42) mean ± SD
literature All (n = 63) Untreated (n = 10) Treated (n = 53) (min-max) P1 P2 P3
TABLE 3 (Continued)
(μg/g) Epileptic (n = 63) mean ± SD (min-max) P values
from the Healthy (n = 42) mean ± SD
literature All (n = 63) Untreated (n = 10) Treated (n = 53) (min-max) P1 P2 P3
lepsy, or a combination of these criteria (n = 42), and the other group
P2 with the remaining epileptic dogs (n = 21).
.03* color, living environment, and drinking water, whereas the mean age
Healthy (n = 42) mean ± SD
presented in Table 3. The table also presents mean hair element con-
Rosendahl et al,21 mean ± SD (min-max).
So et al,25 mean ± SD.
All (n = 63)
(μg/g) literature (6.70-63.30)a Ni (0.06-0.90)a were all treated with KBr. The mean hair As concentration of all dogs
treated with KBr (n = 13; 1.67 μg/g ± 0.95; 0.16-3.99) was 24-fold
arsenic (F) in untreated epileptic (n = 10), treated epileptic (n = 53), and healthy (n = 42) dogs. Boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) from
the 25th to 75th percentile, while the horizontal lines in each box represent the median. Whiskers indicate the range of the data, excluding

Methods (brief)

Methods: Case-control study using ICP-MS to determine hair calcium, magnesium,
mixed model; Hg, mercury; HUAH, Helsinki University Animal Hospital; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; IE, idiopathic epilepsy; K, potassium; KBr, potassium bromide;
LOD, limit of detection; Mg, magnesium; Mn, manganese; Na, sodium; Ni, nickel; P, phosphorus; Pb, lead; Se, selenium; Zn, zinc.
arsenic, canine, copper, diet, ICP-MS, oxidative stress, phosphorus, potassium bromide,
1 | I N T RO DU CT I O N diagnosis of IE were recruited to give hair samples. Part of the dogs
an estimated prevalence of 0.6%-0.75% in the general dog population.1,2 Helsinki University Animal Hospital (HUAH). To increase sample size,
tion and structural epilepsy because of intracranial lesions, most epileptic local dog groups, to send hair samples by post from dogs that have
zinc (Zn), compared to controls,10-16 and that rebalancing using supple- recruited to send hair samples by post were healthy according to
studies have used serum or blood analysis. However, blood-based samples The dogs were grouped into raw, dry, and mixed diet groups based on
Therefore, the objective of our study was to expand the current ent lists were not collected for any of the diets. The study protocol
2 | MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.2 | Hair samples
2.1 | Animals and study design A portion of the hair samples was collected by the main author or
This was a case-control study that included epileptic and healthy com- another part was collected by the dog owners in their home environ-
63 plate (Thermo Scientific model 2200) set at 188 C. After digestion,
each sample was reconstituted to 2 mL using laboratory grade deio-
spectrometry (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer nexION 2000B). A daily mainte-
nance run was performed on the ICP-MS instrument before analyzing
the samples (Supplementary Material 1). To ensure accuracy of the

Implications

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Verification notes

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised