Accumulation characteristics and evaluation of heavy metals in soils and vegetables

Overview

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Key numbers

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Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 2023; 15(3): 22–35
Genxin Nie1,2, Tianhua Tu1,2, Lifang Hu1,2, Ling Wu3, Yaomin Zhou1,2*
China; 2Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China; 3Institute of
(Pb) in soil were 5.99, 0.373, 17.8, 5.94E-02, and 28.9 mg kg–1, respectively; Cd exceeded the background value
etables was 0.204 mg kg-1, with the highest concentration of Cd (0.147 mg kg–1) in Ganzhou leafy vegetables. The
Hg concentration of leafy vegetables in Jiujiang was 1.41E-02 mg kg–1, which exceeded the maximum limit. The
bioconcentration factor of HMs was negatively correlated with pH (P ≤ 0.05). The migration ability of Cd in root
vegetables was 1.7-fold to that of leafy vegetables, and was strongest. The TTHQ of all vegetables was less than
1.0, which indicated that there was no significant noncarcinogenic risk in adults. The TTHQ of root vegetables
factors (Wang et al., 2021; Wen et al., 2020). Researchers
sources of food for humans (Wang et al., 2022). Heavy and vegetables. HM pollution in vegetables has been fre-
soil and may cause potential risks (Tariq et al., 2019). In etables is a possible threat to human health (Tariq, 2021).
22 ISSN 1757-837X online, DOI 10.15586/qas.v15i3.1222
et al., 2018; Gupta et al., 2021; Hossain et al., 2021; Ji et al., the noncarcinogenic risk assessment of vegetables. The
2018; Liu et al., 2021; Quispe, 2021; Tomno et al., 2020). results showed that Cd and Hg were the primary pollut-
bles, and vegetable intake health risks are unacceptable collecting data, Meng et al. (2021) evaluated the soil and
(Su et al., 2023). Vegetables pose a noncarcinogenic health vegetables in Chinese greenhouses using transfer factor
risk because of HMs (Sadee and Rasul, 2022). and target hazard quotient (THQ), and found that the
China’s vegetable production and consumption is Cd in spinach should be considered. Gupta et al. (2019)
of polymers (Yuan et al., 2022). These are hard to degrade more than 1 because of the consumption of fenugreek
cesses (O’Kelly et al., 2021). They are carriers for organic less than unity because of the consumption of eggplant
pollutants and HMs (Bhagat et al., 2021). They affect the and chilli. Jalali and Meyari (2022) evaluated the trans-
biophysical properties of the soil (Yang et al., 2021) and fer factor and health risk of soil and vegetables in west
effects (Kumar, et al., 2022). At the same time, multiple (RI) values for adults were less than 1, except for Cd
cropping and excess chemical fertilization have led to and Pb. Birghila et al. (2023) evaluated the transfer fac-
pollution problems (Chen et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2018; tor and health risk of the soil and tomato in southeast-
Kianpoor Kalkhajeh et al., 2020), and HM pollution in ern Romania. The BCF was less than 1, indicating that
al., 2017). Concentrations of Cd and Pb being 72.4% and index value were below the acceptable level. Laboni et al.
35.5%, respectively, in the soil samples have exceeded (2023) evaluated vegetables grown in the industrial areas
maximum limits in northern China (Fan et al., 2017). Cd, of Bangladesh, and found THQ < 1.0, indicating that it
Hebei Province, northern China (Meng et al., 2021). Cd of historical wastewater irrigation in Kaifeng City, central
with the maximum values being 3.77-fold higher than tion index, BCF and heath risk assessment. The Nemerow
the limits in northwest China (Chen et al., 2021). Cr pollution index of Cd was highest, and most soil sam-
and Pb exceeded 1.86–2.63-fold higher than the lim- ples were slightly or moderately polluted by HMs. The
China (Wang et al., 2022). Liu et al. (2021) studied the risks (Ruan et al., 2023). Many studies evaluated the soil
and vegetables across Chinese provinces (except Jiangxi et al. 2021; Meng et al. 2021; Su et al. 2023). It is a quan-
significant (Bai et al., 2020), and acidic soil promotes the concentration of HMs and background value.
enrichment of HMs (Meng et al., 2021).
pollution in the soil and vegetables. Fan et al. (2017) ered shed vegetables. Thus, to protect the dietary safety
tables. Sawut et al. (2018) used the Nemerow integrated acterized by strong acidity and biological enrichment.
Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 15 (3)23
The aims of this research were as follows: (1) to determine

Methods (brief)

35.5%, respectively, in the soil samples have exceeded (2023) evaluated vegetables grown in the industrial areas
content in some soil samples was more than the limits, China, was evaluated by the Nemerow integrated pollu-
etable production and decreasing human health risks. Sample site
water was used to wash vegetable samples, and vegetable
Jiangxi Province is located in southeastern China, samples were dried at room temperature. To determine
bounded between 113°34’36”–118°28’58” E and the concentrations of HMs, samples (0.1 g) were digested
24°29’14”–30°04’ 41” N. In recent years, Jiangxi has made with microwave digestion apparatus (CEM mars6, USA),
great efforts to speed up the development of vegeta- soil samples were digested with HNO3-H2O2-HF (guaran-
ble bases and has become the main production base for teed reagent (GR)), and vegetable samples were digested
in northeastern, Fuzhou city in western, and Ganzhou tion of HMs was determined by ICP–MS (NexION2000,
city in southern Jiangxi Province. PerkinElmer, USA). The operating parameters of ICP-MS
Sample collection step length of 0.1 mL/min, RPq value of 0.45–0.80, RF
ples were collected from plastic-covered sheds in men- reaction cell (DRC) operating parameters were as follows:
tioned five cities of Jiangxi Province. The sample quantity mode CPV-21V, mode QRO-6.5V, and mode CRO-1V.
sample was collected from each site with five soil and using a pH meter (s470k, Mettler Toledo, China). Quality
vegetable subsamples. control was ensured with the use of reagent blanks and
Sample analysis certified reference materials produced by the Institute
Soil samples were dried at room temperature, finely Academy of Geological Sciences. Each sample was deter-

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The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised