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Heavy Metal Index

Chromium (III) and chromium (VI) as important

Source

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus.

Page snapshot
Cited by5 pages
Metals measured3
Evidence tierB
Year2021

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

  • DNA in cells, affecting its structure and function, and DNA and stable isotope fractionation factors can be applied (49).
  • on DNA, e.g. 8-oxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxy-dG) and its unstable and quickly oxidise to chromium (III) compounds,
  • it is classified under group 3. Although chromium (III) is implants, higher physiological doses: 20 and 25 ppb or 40
  • not considered a direct carcinogen, it plays a major role in and 50 ppb (parts per billion) were applied respectively. The
  • at present. The potential for genotoxic side-effects of Cr physiological doses (40 and 50 ppb) caused simple (a gain or
  • 1% of total Cr-DNA adducts under optimal conditions. They is correlated with oxidative damage and that both Cr
  • and Cr (III) (i.e. CrCl3) on DNA damage both in vivo and assay showed that the mean tail length of the exposed
  • epidemiological studies. Chromium (VI) compounds in to 70% by hypoxia. Previously, Quievryn et al. (83) showed
  • products consisting of pentavalent chromium, tetravalent accounted for over 90% of Cr (VI) mutagenicity. Ternary
  • of Cr (V) (81). Cr (VI) transforms with the participation rearrangements and gene expression profiles in tumours.
  • reaction, contributing to the formation of hydroxyl radicals, that 10–20% of a low dose of Cr (VI) consumed, escapes
  • only in the presence of ascorbate. μmol l⁻¹ Cr (VI) showed up to a 50% reduction in comet tail
  • Table 1. Summary of genotoxic effects of Cr (III) and Cr (VI)
  • dose range for early events, genetic changes in mice (single/ 7. Jomova K, Valko M. Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and
  • (89). Table 1 summarizes the genotoxic effects of Cr (III) its possible use in diabetes and obesity treatment. Ann Agric Environ
  • also supported by the Medical University in Wrocław, Poland 24. Clodfelder BJ, Gullick BM, Lukaski HC, Neggers Y, Vincent JB. Oral
  • haemoglobin and serum lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes 49. Zhang Q, Amor K, Galer SJG, Thompson I, Porcelli D. Using stable

Methods (brief)

  • reactive, hydroxyl radicals are examples. On the other in vivo (50). Stearns et al. (51) reported that samples of
  • also supported by the Medical University in Wrocław, Poland 24. Clodfelder BJ, Gullick BM, Lukaski HC, Neggers Y, Vincent JB. Oral

Implications

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Verification notes

  • Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
  • Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
  • Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
  • Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
  • HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

CommitDateChangeDescription
b01ec52c2026-08-04major2 sections added
d49e450f2026-08-03major5 sections added; narrative text revised