Lead: citations and reported findings from the source records associated with this metal profile. These records include measurements and context; inclusion does not establish that every source reports a food concentration.
Lead summary, limits and key findings | Previous records
Table pages: 1 to 200 · 201 to 400 · 401 to 600 · 601 to 800 · 801 to 1000 · 1001 to 1200 · 1201 to 1400 · 1401 to 1600 · 1601 to 1800 · 1801 to 2000 · 2001 to 2047
Showing source records 2001 to 2047 of 2047.
Sources
Source records associated with this topic. Inclusion does not establish that every finding applies to this product or ingredient. References on the metal profile identify works cited in its text. Additional records await source or bibliographic review and are excluded from this list.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on the metal profile for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Larese et al. 2006. Skin Absorption of Inorganic Lead (PbO) and the Effect of Skin Cleansers, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48:692-699 | 2006 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2002 | Manton 2006. Sources of Lead in Cocoa and Chocolate (correspondence, with reply: Lead in Cocoa and Chocolate: Rankin and Flegal Respond), Environmental Health Perspectives 114(5): A274–A275 (Correspondence) | 2006 | Letter | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2003 | Nilsson et al. 2006. Survey and health assesment of chemicals substances in sex toys, Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products No. 77, 2006. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. | 2006 | Regulatory agency report | DK/EU Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pb occurrence in 16 sex toys and fetish-clothing products purchased for Danish EPA screening: soft-vinyl, natural-latex/rubber, thermoplastic-rubber/SEBS, and hard-plastic products including… (n=16) |
| 2004 | Shotyk et al. 2006. Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers, Journal of Environmental Monitoring 8:288-292 | 2006 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2005 | Antunović et al. 2005. Concentrations of selected toxic elements (cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic) in ewe milk in dependence on lactation stage, Czech Journal of Animal Science 50 (8): 369-375 | 2005 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2006 | Salama et al. 2005. Heavy metals (Cd, Pb) and trace elements (Cu, Zn) contents in some foodstuffs from the Egyptian market, Emirates Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2005, 17(1): 34-42 | 2005 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2007 | Bureau of Indian Standards 2004. IS 3959:2004 Skin Powder - Specification, Indian Standard | 2004 | Government report | IN Pb, tAs concentrations |
| 2008 | Bureau of Indian Standards 2004. IS 6608:2004 Skin Creams - Specification, Indian Standard | 2004 | Government report | IN Pb, tAs concentrations |
| 2009 | EC 2004. Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States, Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation, SCOOP Task 3.2.11 | 2004 | Government report | EU/BE/DK tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Occurrence, consumption, and intake submissions for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury from EU Member States and Norway under… |
| 2010 | EPA 2004. Lead and Compounds (Inorganic) — IRIS Chemical Assessment Summary, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System | 2004 | Government report | US Pb concentrations |
| 2011 | FDA 2004. Juice HACCP Hazards and Controls Guidance, First Edition — Lead in Juice, FDA Guidance for Industry | 2004 | Government guidance | US Pb concentrations |
| 2012 | Ndung’u et al. 2004. Determination of lead in vinegar by ICP-MS and GFAAS: evaluation of different sample preparation procedures, Talanta | 2004 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb occurrence in 59 commercial vinegars purchased in California: 52 balsamic, 4 wine, 1 apple cider, 1 rice, 1 garlic (n=59) |
| 2013 | Shin et al. 2004. Hazardous substance analysis of disposable diaper for infant, Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 28(1):165-171 | 2004 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2014 | Committee on Toxicity of 2003. COT statement on a survey of metals in infant food, Committee on Toxicity statement | 2003 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, Zn occurrence in Commercial UK baby foods and formulae, including infant formulae, manufactured baby foods, desserts, rusks, and infant drinks, surveyed… (n=189) |
| 2015 | Hostynek 2003. Factors determining percutaneous metal absorption, Food and Chemical Toxicology 41:327-345 | 2003 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2016 | JECFA 2003. Talc (INS No. 553(iii)) specifications, prepared at the 61st JECFA (2003), FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 52 Add 11 (2003), superseding the specifications of the 55th JECFA (2000), FNP 52 Add 8. ADI not specified (30th JECFA, 1986). | 2003 | Government report | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2017 | Soares et al. 2003. Lead and cadmium content of Brazilian beers, Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas, 23(2): 285-289 | 2003 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2018 | Almela et al. 2002. Heavy Metal, Total Arsenic, and Inorganic Arsenic Contents of Algae Food Products, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | 2002 | Peer-reviewed | ES tAs, iAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Eighteen processed edible-algae food products on retail sale in Valencia, Spain: 12 brown-algae products (wakame from Undaria pinnatifida,… (n=18) |
| 2019 | Cobbett et al. 2002. Phytochelatins and Metallothioneins: Roles in Heavy Metal Detoxification and Homeostasis, Annual Review of Plant Biology | 2002 | Peer-reviewed | Cd, iAs, tHg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni occurrence in Narrative review of the phytochelatin and metallothionein literature; primary focus on Arabidopsis thaliana, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and other plant… |
| 2020 | EU 2002. Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on undesirable substances in animal feed - consolidated version of 28 November 2019, Official Journal of the European Communities / EUR-Lex consolidated text | 2002 | Government report | EU tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg concentrations |
| 2021 | Sun et al. 2002. Percutaneous absorption of inorganic lead compounds, AIHA Journal 63(5):641-646 | 2002 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2022 | Gulson et al. 2001. Contribution of Lead from Calcium Supplements to Blood Lead, Environmental Health Perspectives 109(3): 283–288 | 2001 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2023 | Stringer et al. 2001. Toxic chemicals in a child’s world: an investigation into PVC plastic products, Greenpeace Research Laboratories, University of Exeter (UK); June 2001 | 2001 | NGO report | AT/BR/CA Pb, Cd, Sn occurrence in 54 vinyl-chloride (PVC or vinyl) consumer products purchased in 20 countries (Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic,… (n=54) |
| 2024 | Ulrich et al. 2001. Variations in contamination by mercury, cadmium and lead on swine farms in the district of Hodonín in 1994 to 1999, Veterinární medicína (Vet. Med. - Czech) 46(5), 132-139 | 2001 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2025 | OEHHA 2000. Appendix F - Dermal Uptake of Chemicals from Soil (Technical Support Document for Exposure Assessment and Stochastic Analysis), Cal/EPA OEHHA Air Toxics Hot Spots Program - Technical Support Document for Exposure Assessment and Stochastic Analysis | 2000 | Government report | US tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Ni, Cr-VI, Be occurrence in Regulatory guidance; per-chemical dermal absorption fraction (ABS) point estimates derived from review of in-vivo and in-vitro percutaneous-absorption studies… |
| 2026 | Scelfo et al. 2000. Lead in Calcium Supplements, Environmental Health Perspectives 108(4): 309–313 | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2027 | Zhou et al. 2000. Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables and Their Control in China, Food Reviews International | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in Secondary review of previously published Chinese city surveys of vegetables and some grains. Tables 2-11 reproduce values from… |
| 2028 | Voegborlo et al. 1999. Mercury, cadmium and lead content of canned tuna fish, Food Chemistry | 1999 | Peer-reviewed | LY tHg, Cd, Pb occurrence in Fifty 5 kg cans of tuna fish from the Tuna Canning Factory in Misurata, Libya; tuna were caught… (n=50) |
| 2029 | U.S. Consumer Product Safety 1997. CPSC Staff Report on Lead and Cadmium in Children’s Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Products, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Staff Report | 1997 | Regulatory | US Pb, Cd occurrence in Twelve of the 18 children’s polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products identified as likely to be handled, mouthed, or chewed… (n=12) |
| 2030 | Di Gangi 1997. Lead and Cadmium in Vinyl Children’s Products: A Greenpeace Exposé, Greenpeace USA (Washington, DC); ERIC document ED 414 034 / PS 026 006 | 1997 | NGO report | US/CA Pb, Cd occurrence in 131 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) consumer products purchased at national chain stores (Kmart, Wal-Mart, Target, Toys R Us, Disney… (n=131) |
| 2031 | Codex 1995. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), Codex Alimentarius (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme) | 1995 | Government report | international Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, iAs, Sn concentrations |
| 2032 | Dabeka et al. 1995. Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988, Journal of AOAC International | 1995 | Peer-reviewed | CA Pb, Cd, Ni, Co occurrence in Five Canadian total-diet composite groups, each with 113 composites and 39 composite subsets, prepared from foods purchased in… (n=760) |
| 2033 | Stauber et al. 1994. Percutaneous absorption of inorganic lead compounds, The Science of the Total Environment | 1994 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2034 | Acosta et al. 1993. Levels of Cd, Pb, and Ni in Different Types of Vinegars, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 1993 | Peer-reviewed | ES/DE/GB Cd, Pb, Ni occurrence in 52 bottled vinegars from supermarkets in Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain): 26 wine vinegar, 10 apple… (n=52) |
| 2035 | Chou et al. 1993. Cadmium in American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the area of Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada: 1980-1992 results, Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1916 | 1993 | Gray literature | CA Cd, Pb, tHg, tAs, Cu, Ag occurrence in American lobster (Homarus americanus) captured 1980-1992 at eight sites in and around Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada —… |
| 2036 | Sources et al. 1990. Heavy Metals in Air, Soil, and, Peer-reviewed article | 1990 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 2037 | Grill et al. 1989. Phytochelatins, the heavy-metal-binding peptides of plants, are synthesized from glutathione by a specific gamma-glutamylcysteine dipeptidyl transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthase), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA | 1989 | Peer-reviewed | Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in In vitro enzymology in Silene cucubalus cell suspension cultures; no food, environmental, or human samples. |
| 2038 | Development 1988. Regulations prohibiting the use of any active or potentially active depigmenting ingredient, lead and its salts, mercury and its salts and the cosmetic category skin bleacher, skin lightener or skin whitener, Government Notice No. R. 1227 of 24 June 1988 | 1988 | Government report | ZA Pb, tHg concentrations |
| 2039 | Troncoso et al. 1988. Metallic contaminants in Andalusian vinegars, Die Nahrung | 1988 | Peer-reviewed | ES Pb, tAs, Zn, Cu, Fe occurrence in 16 white wine vinegar samples from Western Andalusia (mainly Sherry/Jerez influence area and El Condado, Huelva), Spain; 13… (n=16) |
| 2040 | Dabeka et al. 1987. Lead, cadmium, and fluoride levels in market milk and infant formulas in Canada, Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists 70(4):754-757 | 1987 | Study | Pb, Cd concentrations from the cited dataset |
| 2041 | Buchet et al. 1983. Oral daily intake of cadmium, lead, manganese, copper, chromium, mercury, calcium, zinc and arsenic in Belgium: a duplicate meal study, Food and Chemical Toxicology | 1983 | Peer-reviewed | BE Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Cr, tHg, Ca, Zn, tAs occurrence in One hundred twenty-four 24-hour duplicate meals and beverages collected from Brussels, Liege, Charleroi, and a Brussels hospital kitchen… (n=124) |
| 2042 | Kirkpatrick et al. 1980. The Trace Element Content of Canadian Baby Foods and Estimation of Trace Element Intake by Infants, Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 13(4):154-161 | 1980 | Peer-reviewed | CA Cd, Cr-total, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn occurrence in Canadian national survey, 1975 sample collection. 306 unique products requested from all manufacturers of baby foods, formulae, and… (n=330) |
| 2043 | Ammerman et al. 1977. Contaminating elements in mineral supplements and their potential toxicity: A review, Journal of Animal Science | 1977 | Peer-reviewed | US/CA Pb, tAs, Cd, Al, tHg, V occurrence in Example analyses of feed-grade micro-mineral supplement materials in Table 2: manganese oxide (n=3), iron carbonate/sulfate/oxide (n=5), zinc oxide… (n=12) |
| 2044 | Mahaffey et al. 1975. Heavy Metal Exposure from Foods, Environmental Health Perspectives | 1975 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Zn occurrence in FDA Total Diet Study (Market Basket Survey) 1965–1974; 30 market baskets per year collected from US retail stores… |
| 2045 | Nielsen et al. 1975. Heavy metal levels in New Zealand molluscs, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9(4), 467-481 | 1975 | Peer-reviewed | NZ Cd, Pb, tHg, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Two hundred and three numbered samples (Appendix sample numbers 1-203) drawn from 199 sampling sites distributed around the… (n=203) |
| 2046 | Japan Ministry of Health, 1959. MHLW Notice No. 370 standards for foods, additives, apparatus, and containers and packaging - Section III, Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare standards notice | 1959 | Government report | JP Pb, Sb concentrations |
| 2047 | OEHHA. Lead and Lead Compounds — Proposition 65 Chemical Listing, California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Proposition 65 Listings | — | Government report | US-CA Pb concentrations |