Chee-Ching Sun and colleagues measured lead in the stratum corneum of 10 lead-battery workers by skin stripping, and measured urinary lead in rats after epicutaneous application of lead compounds. The objective names lead sulfate, lead oxide, lead powder, and lead stearate. Table II also reports lead naphthenate and lead nitrate, plus a control column.
Key numbers
Table I pairs tape strips as layers 1+2, 3+4, 5+6, 7+8, and 9+10. Blood lead is printed in mg/dL. Skin-strip lead is printed in mg. Paired-layer masses are in the group evidence file. Printed totals:
| Case | Blood lead (mg/dL) | Dorsal hand total (mg) | Lower back total (mg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50 | 64.97 | 15.75 |
| 2 | 54 | 60.61 | 11.83 |
| 3 | 24 | 21.55 | 8.94 |
| 4 | 34 | 46.57 | 20.40 |
| 5 | 42 | 44.94 | 20.73 |
| 6 | 10 | 20.74 | 14.92 |
| 7 | 37 | 23.06 | 13.16 |
| 8 | 25 | 29.27 | 28.32 |
| 9 | 25 | 30.25 | 21.65 |
| 10 | 48 | 86.53 | 18.46 |
Hand totals run from 20.74 mg to 86.53 mg. Back totals run from 8.94 mg to 28.32 mg. Case 6, dorsal hand layers 5+6, prints 4.7 mg.
Table II reports urinary lead as mean (SD) in ng per 48 hours. On the row printed as day 2, lead naphthenate is 1230.7 (138.7) and lead nitrate is 94.5 (10.6), beside control 22.8 (3.3). The 12-day increased-urine totals print as control 10.8 (3.9), stearate 146.0 (6.4), naphthenate 3679.3 (86.1), sulfate 123.1 (7.2), oxide 115.9 (5.3), nitrate 736.6 (11.8), and metal powder 47.8 (6.9). The comparison of those increases with lead nitrate prints 1.5, 19.8, 499.5, 16.7, 15.7, 100, and 6.5 for control, stearate, naphthenate, sulfate, oxide, nitrate, and powder.
Methods (brief)
Tape stripping of the dorsal hand and the lower back, nitric acid digestion, graphite-furnace atomic absorption. Rat urine after epicutaneous dosing. Journal pages 641 (Table I) and 643 (Table II).
Evidence fitness
The page carries the printed Table I masses and the printed Table II urinary means. Blood lead stays in the printed mg/dL unit.
Limitations
The blood-lead column is labeled mg/dL. The page leaves that unit as printed. The first two Table II day tokens print as 24 and 22. Footnote A is attached to day 0 and says the compounds were applied on that day. Those day tokens are kept as printed.
Related evidence
Update history
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