Current Research in Toxicology 9 (2025) 100268

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

example, cadmium in wheat is limited to 100 ppb in the EU, lead in candy to 0.1 ppm, and arsenic in apple juice
to 10 ppb. Advanced detection technologies, such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and
medical expenses and productivity losses may exceed USD 110 billion Table 1
tion, 2024; European Food Safety Authority, 2024) (Table 1 & Fig. 1). environmental
Table 1 (continued ) (Akhtar et al., 2021). Even low-level, chronic exposure (0.5–5 µg/kg/
that 51 % exceeded the WHO arsenic limit of 10 µg/L, 35 % surpassed
odiphenyltrichloroethane; HCB: hexachlorobenzene; MSG: monosodium gluta ples, only 4.6 % exceeded 10 µg/L (Edmunds et al., 2015; Available
colorants, and preservatives can leave residues or form secondary 13,000 ppb, far above the EPA action level of 15 ppb (The Flint Water
well as fungal mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, Lead in Drinking Water, 2025). In China, over 10 % of sampled water
deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ergot alkaloids often persist through sources exceeded the WHO mercury limit of 1 µg/L, with concentrations
storage and processing (Chen et al., 2022; Bachheti et al., 2020; Hellberg up to 5 µg/L, highlighting global heavy metal contamination risks in
improperly stored foods and may produce mycotoxins (Awuchi et al., 6,789 in 2021; animal testing showed <0.5 % positivity, and food
2021; Abdolshahi and Yancheshmeh, 2020). Certain bacteria form heat- contamination was ~3.5 % (Urban-Chmiel et al., 2025; EFSA and ECDC
toxins, algal cells, and cyanobacteria can contaminate seafood, seaweed, 7,117 cases (2.1/100,000), with 38.5 % hospitalized and 28 deaths; HUS
(European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)|European Centre for Disease was highest in sheep and goats (5.8%) and in cattle (1.2%), and the
hospitalizations, and 34 deaths, primarily linked to fresh poultry; 17.5 % et al., 2017). Fungal contamination in vegetables, especially in devel
itidis, affected 65,208 people in 2022 (15.3/100,000), with 38.9 % afternoon sampling (Urban-Chmiel et al., 2025; Yenew et al., 2025).
derived foods ranged from 7–8.9 % (Urban-Chmiel et al., 2025; EFSA
teins—such as milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, that alter cellular homeostasis (Rahman and Singh, 2019) (Table 2 &
1. microRNA regulation and heritable toxic effects tissues, and liver
or environmental exposure (Tang and Zhao, 2021). acute (Eze et al., 2024 Jun) (Table 3 & Fig. 3). Chronic health risks arise
centrations or repeated exposures to perturb membrane transporters and Prevention and Control (ECDC), 2024) (Table 3).
obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation (Stadler et al., (Table 4 & Fig. 4).
2021). Chronic exposure also promotes genotoxicity and heritable
Mycotoxin Reduction Resistant crop varieties, drying, and Grain drying < 13 % moisture, Farmers, and feed
Table 4 (continued )
2020; Omotayo et al., 2019; United States Food Postharvest Processing Washing, peeling, blanching reduces Washing leafy vegetables, and Processors
management and precision agriculture technologies optimize fertilizer example, the EU sets cadmium in wheat at 100 ppb to prevent market
contamination (Omotayo et al., 2019). while the FDA limits lead in candy to 0.1 ppm and arsenic in apple juice
Food Chain Traceability and Certification: Robust traceability sys to 10 ppb, acknowledging sensitive populations (Mititelu et al., 2025).
schemes, including Global GAP and organic labels, enforce compliance et al., 2020). WHO guidelines recommend 3.0 µg/L for cadmium in
(Harshitha et al., 2024). ppb guideline (Srivastava et al., 2024). Regular monitoring programs
with stable elements—such as calcium to inhibit strontium-90 uptake, or Emergency Response and Long-Term Recovery Planning: In response
and food security. Their acute effects range from gastrointestinal illness Available online: https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/groundwater/health/arsenic/Bangladesh/
Bihn, E.A., Reiners, S., 2018. Good agricultural and manufacturing practices in vegetable Gibb, H., Devleesschauwer, B., Bolger, P.M., et al., 2015. World Health Organization
Shigaki, T., 2020. Health effects of environmental pollutants. Gut Remediat. Environ. contamination in vegetables: key factors from a study in Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Food

Methods (brief)

to 10 ppb. Advanced detection technologies, such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), enable precise monitoring of contaminants at trace
Paasites (Alum Giardia lamblia, Eukaryotic Contaminated
in foods DPHE analyzed 2,022 well water samples across 41 districts. They found
well as fungal mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, Lead in Drinking Water, 2025). In China, over 10 % of sampled water
Miao et al., 2014; Yuan et al., 2013; Hartmann Analytical Testing and Routine laboratory tests for HPLC, GC–MS for chemicals; Food testing labs, and
contaminated food batches. Implementation of blockchain and digital ms—MMAV, MMAIII, DMAV, and DMAIII (Srivastava et al., 2024; Matta
etry (ICP-MS) facilitate trace detection (Chen et al., 2022), and risk
etry (ICP-MS), enable the detection of radionuclides such as cesium-137, radionuclides, including131I, 137Cs, and 90Sr, providing a harmonized
digestion, and biochemical transformation of contaminated biomass convey complex scientific data in accessible language and include
investigation for their potential to degrade or dislodge radionuclide programs, and local food monitoring—enhances both public awareness
and ICP-MS, remain essential for monitoring and limiting exposure. various applications. In: Co-Evolut. Second. Metab., pp. 441–465.

Implications

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised