Soy
Stub page. Kazi et al. 2009 reports higher average Al, Cd, and Pb in soy-based infant formula than milk-based formula in its Pakistan-market sample set, with soy-based formula means of Al 2270 ppb, Cd 11.7 ppb, and Pb 109.4 ppb on a dried-powder basis. Dabeka et al. 2011 reports Canada-market soy-based formula summaries across powder, concentrated liquid, and ready-to-use formats, including powdered soy formula Al mean 733 ng/g and Cd mean 1.56 ng/g as consumed. Burrell and Exley 2010 reports a soy-based infant formula powder with aluminum of 4.3 ug/g powder, equivalent to 629 ug/L when prepared according to manufacturer instructions. Chuchu et al. 2013 reports two soy-based infant formula powders with prepared estimates of 656 and 756 ug/L. Burrell and Exley suggest the elevated soy-formula value may reflect prior aluminum accumulation in soybean plants and aluminum tolerance of some soybean cultivars grown on acid soils, but none of these sources provides a soybean-only occurrence distribution. kazi2009-toxic-elements-in-infant-formulae dabeka2011-canada-infant-formula-lead-cadmium-aluminum burrell2010-aluminium-in-infant-formulas chuchu2013-aluminium-in-infant-formulas
Ranges by source, region, and variety
Pending soy-specific occurrence extraction. Current Category 1 evidence is filed under infant-formula-powder-soy-based and should not be generalized to all soy ingredients without additional sources.
Related finished-product evidence
milani2023-trace-elements-soy-based-beverages reports finished soy-based beverage values. These values belong on plant-milks-soy-based, not in this ingredient profile, unless a later ingest separates soy ingredient values from beverage matrix values.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Collado-Lopez et al. 2025. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review, Nutrition Reviews | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Global scoping review of Pb, Cd, As, Hg concentrations in 251 infant formulas and 580 baby foods, including soy-based formula as a product category with its own metal burden pattern |
| 2 | Cantoral et al. 2024. Lead Levels in the Most Consumed Mexican Foods: First Monitoring Effort, Toxics | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | First systematic Pb monitoring of 103 Mexican foods including soy infant formula, which exceeded the FAO/WHO ML for infant formula at 0.035 mg/kg |
| 3 | Milani et al. 2023. Trace Elements in Soy-Based Beverages: A Comprehensive Study of Total Content and In Vitro Bioaccessibility, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | Al, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn total content and in vitro bioaccessibility in 18 soy-based beverages from Brazil, the primary occurrence source for finished soy-based plant milk products |
| 4 | Marques et al. 2021. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based Drinks, Biological Trace Element Research | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Hg, Ni, U in soy-based and other plant-based drinks from Spain retail, with Hg and U not detected in the soy samples and Pb detections limited to select non-organic oat drinks |
| 5 | Paiva et al. 2020. Aluminium in infant foods: Total content, effect of in vitro digestion on bioaccessible fraction and preliminary exposure assessment, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 90:103493 | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | Total Al and in vitro bioaccessibility in 95 Brazilian infant food samples including soy-based drinks, providing Al occurrence and bioaccessible fraction data for soy infant products |
| 6 | Chuchu et al. 2013. The aluminium content of infant formulas remains too high, BMC Pediatrics | 2013 | Peer-reviewed | Al in 30 UK infant formulas including soy-based powder, reporting soy powder Al at 656 and 756 µg/L when prepared, higher than non-soy powder values |
| 7 | Dabeka et al. 2011. Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, Al in Canadian soy-based infant formula across powder, concentrated liquid, and RTF formats, with powdered soy formula Al mean 733 ng/g and Cd mean 1.56 ng/g as consumed |
| 8 | Burrell et al. 2010. There is (still) too much aluminium in infant formulas, BMC Pediatrics | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | Al in UK infant formulas including soy-based powder at 4.3 µg/g (629 µg/L prepared), with elevated soy-formula Al attributed in part to Al accumulation in soybean plants on acid soils |
| 9 | Kazi et al. 2009. Determination of toxic elements in infant formulae by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, Food and Chemical Toxicology | 2009 | Peer-reviewed | Al, Cd, Pb in milk-based and soy-based infant formulas purchased in Pakistan, with soy-based formula means higher than milk-based for all three metals (Al 2270 ppb, Cd 11.7 ppb, Pb 109.4 ppb) |
| 10 | Flyvholm et al. 1984. Nickel Content of Food and Estimation of Dietary Intake, Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 179(6):427-431 | 1984 | Peer-reviewed | Foundational Ni concentration survey identifying soy among the high-Ni food categories, relevant as background for soy-based infant formula Ni burden |