Poultry in the HMI library has 374 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ag, As_nonextractable, AsIII, AsV, B, Ba, I, Mo, Sr and Tl from 31 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →3Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →5Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Contamination in Over-the-Counter Available Dry Dog Foods With Different Animal Ingredients (Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish)Frontiers in Veterinary Science5:264Read source →6Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source →
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Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury and nickel and others, in 374 results from 31 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →3Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →
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Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the poultry was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →3Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →
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Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →3Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →
Poultry overview
Poultry in the HMI library has 374 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ag, As_nonextractable, AsIII, AsV, B, Ba, I, Mo, Sr and Tl from 31 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →3Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →5Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Contamination in Over-the-Counter Available Dry Dog Foods With Different Animal Ingredients (Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish)Frontiers in Veterinary Science5:264Read source →6Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in poultry, as sold from 465 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 1.39 to 50 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, GEMS/Food gave subgroup medians from 2.5 to 9 µg/kg from 1,384 results.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Across 4 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 1.5 µg/kg (ANSES 2026) to 784 µg/kg (Baxter et al. 2025).2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →7Research note: High levels of lead and arsenic in imported dried black soldier fly larvae: implications for backyard poultry supplementationPoultry Science 104 (2025) 105184Read source → For cadmium, 4 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 1 µg/kg (Szkoda et al. 2013) to 260 µg/kg (Baxter et al. 2025).6Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source →7Research note: High levels of lead and arsenic in imported dried black soldier fly larvae: implications for backyard poultry supplementationPoultry Science 104 (2025) 105184Read source →
For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the poultry came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.
What counts as poultry
This page covers poultry in 3 forms kept separate in every comparison: poultry, as sold (282 results), poultry, dried (70 results) and poultry, cooked (22 results).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →3Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →5Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Contamination in Over-the-Counter Available Dry Dog Foods With Different Animal Ingredients (Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish)Frontiers in Veterinary Science5:264Read source →6Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source → Foods made from poultry that have their own pages, such as meat and poultry, are covered there.
Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.
Heavy metal contamination profile of poultry
The table holds every extracted poultry result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 374 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →3Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →5Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Contamination in Over-the-Counter Available Dry Dog Foods With Different Animal Ingredients (Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish)Frontiers in Veterinary Science5:264Read source →6Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
11 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 53 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 5 values from 2 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.8Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Poultry Feed and Poultry ProductsSaudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9(7): 489-495Read source →9Safety of black soldier fly larvae: microbial and heavy metal risksJournal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food SciencesRead source →
Comparison methods and scope
Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of poultry, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.
First displayed analyte: Lead: 58 findings from 15 sources. Each row retains its statistic and measurement basis.
Filter findings
312 of 312 findings · 26 analytes
About this table
| Food form | Collection scope | Finding (µg/kg) | Comparison | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
40 findings · 14 studies · 8 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2018As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2001–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2006–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2001–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2011–2012As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldANSES 2026 | all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025 | Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 120 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | all farms (6)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | all farms (6)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm ACollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm ACollection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm FCollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm FCollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 7.6 µg/kg (minimum); 20.1 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 0 µg/kg (percentile); 50 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 6 µg/kg (percentile); 60 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010 | Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021 | Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 4, West Kazakhstan region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 6, Karaganda region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 7, Akmola region (9 samples)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 8, Akmola region (2 samples)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic poultry (nine producer or market groups)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | imported poultry (USA, Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019 | all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019 | all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 28 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019 | all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 23 µg/kg (minimum); 4,930 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
3 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 1.5 µg/kg (minimum); 25.3 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
54 findings · 17 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2018As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2001–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2004As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2004As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2004–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2006As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2004As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2004As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2000–2019As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2006As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO1999–2018As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldANSES 2026 | all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025 | Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 217 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm ACollection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm ACollection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm FCollection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm FCollection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 0.76 µg/kg (minimum); 3.14 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012 | all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldHe et al. 2013 | Shanghai food monitoring (all samples)2002–2008Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldHe et al. 2013 | Shanghai food monitoring (all samples)2002–2008Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 3 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldHe et al. 2013 | Shanghai food monitoring (all samples)2002–2008Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | Australia data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | Brazil data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | EFSA, 19 European countries data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | Food industry (ingredients used worldwide) data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | France data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | USA (FDA total diet study) data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011 | USA (USDA) data submission2002–2009Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022 | GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022 | GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021 | Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | Astana markets, domestic (2 samples)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 1, Kostanay region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 6, Karaganda region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 8, Akmola region (2 samples)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 9, Akmola region (7 samples)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic poultry (nine producer or market groups)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | imported poultry (USA, Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSuzuki-Inoue et al. 2024 | supermarkets1979–1980Basis not stated | geometric mean. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 40 µg/kg (minimum); 734 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
3 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 0.69 µg/kg (minimum); 3.06 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | min. | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | 5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated | max. | ||
56 findings · 14 studies · 9 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2018As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2020–2023As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2021As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2001–2023As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2014As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2008As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016–2022As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025 | Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldCommittee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food 2003 | UK TDS 1999, all 24 samples1999–2002As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: up to 167 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit) | ||
| Poultry, as soldCommittee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food 2003 | UK TDS 1999, all 24 samples1999–2002As sold / fresh | range. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 140 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: up to 30 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit) | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | range. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2008Dry weight | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldAlvarez et al. 2026 | retail brand DCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean.Same samples: 980 µg/kg (maximum); 40 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009 | EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021 | Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 7Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 8Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 9Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 10Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 11Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 12Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 13Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021 | sample 14Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 1, Kostanay region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 6, Karaganda region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 7, Akmola region (9 samples)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 8, Akmola region (2 samples)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic poultry (nine producer or market groups)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | imported poultry (USA, Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldXinghui et al. 2024 | all samples; median-bound (½ LOD substitution)2018–2023Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldXinghui et al. 2024 | all samples; median-bound (½ LOD substitution)2018–2023Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 0.5 µg/kg (percentile); 16.9 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldXinghui et al. 2024 | all samples; median-bound (½ LOD substitution)2018–2023Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldXinghui et al. 2024 | all samples; median-bound (½ LOD substitution)2018–2023Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldXinghui et al. 2024 | all samples; upper-bound (LOD substitution)2018–2023Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldXinghui et al. 2024 | all samples; upper-bound (LOD substitution)2018–2023Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 1.1 µg/kg (percentile); 16.9 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldXinghui et al. 2024 | all samples; upper-bound (LOD substitution)2018–2023Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldXinghui et al. 2024 | all samples; upper-bound (LOD substitution)2018–2023Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 30 µg/kg (minimum); 2,620 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
6 findings · 5 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldCommittee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food 2003 | UK TDS 1999, upper-bound mean1999–2002As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 | European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
29 findings · 10 studies · 5 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2018As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2002–2004As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2006–2015As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2020As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldANSES 2026 | all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025 | Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018 | poultry-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreportedAs sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 17 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013 | poultry, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (maximum); 6.5 µg/kg (percentile); 10 µg/kg (percentile); 33 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012 | EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021 | Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | Astana markets, domestic (2 samples)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 1, Kostanay region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 2, Pavlodar region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 3, North Kazakhstan region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 4, West Kazakhstan region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 6, Karaganda region (1 sample)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 7, Akmola region (9 samples)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 8, Akmola region (2 samples)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic farm 9, Akmola region (7 samples)2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | domestic poultry (nine producer or market groups)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | imported poultry (USA, Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldOmirzakov et al. 2024 | imported poultry (USA, Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine)2023Basis not stated | mean. | ||
4 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 15.9 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
10 findings · 6 studies · 3 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 130 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012As sold / fresh | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 210 µg/kg (percentile) | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015 | EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012As sold / fresh | percentile. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldManfredi et al. 2025 | all samples, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy official controls2011–2023As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldManfredi et al. 2025 | all samples, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy official controls2011–2023As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 583 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, as soldManfredi et al. 2025 | all samples, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy official controls2011–2023As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, as soldManfredi et al. 2025 | all samples, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy official controls2011–2023As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
12 findings · 5 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014 | all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | all farms (6)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | all farms (6)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm ACollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm ACollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm FCollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm FCollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
4 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 2.54 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
4 findings · 3 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldANSES 2026 | all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 7,800 µg/kg (minimum); 260,000 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
4 findings · 3 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh | median. | ||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
3 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 17.9 µg/kg (minimum); 36 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
4 findings · 3 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedDabeka et al. 1995 | Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 8,000 µg/kg (minimum); 52,000 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
7 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | all farms (6)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | all farms (6)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm ACollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm ACollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm FCollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldIqbal et al. 2023 | Farm FCollection date unreportedDry weight | sample value. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 57,700 µg/kg (minimum); 667,000 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 10,200 µg/kg (minimum); 173,000 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 36,500 µg/kg (minimum); 672,000 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 285–375 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | range. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, as soldANSES 2026 | all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, as soldAlvarez et al. 2026 | retail brand DCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, as soldAlvarez et al. 2026 | retail brand DCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, as soldAlvarez et al. 2026 | retail brand DCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
4 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 3,600 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 3,000 µg/kg (minimum); 30,400 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014 | 'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: up to 24 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit) | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | range. | ||
2 findings · 2 studies · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: up to 67 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit) | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | range. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBarborakova et al. 2024 | reared on poultry feed (variant III)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in | ||||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 419–648 µg/kg (range) | ||
| Poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025 | all samples2014–2016As sold / fresh | range. | ||
3 findings · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean.Same samples: 7,000 µg/kg (minimum); 114,000 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | min. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | all products2023–2024As sold / fresh | max. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled Chinese origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
| Poultry, driedBaxter et al. 2025 | products labeled North American origin2023–2024As sold / fresh | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_372014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food group composite Group 62014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Poultry, cookedBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 6_382014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
Shared dataset methods and interpretation
Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.
HMI poultry Pb reference · Poultry, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Pb reference · Poultry, as sold. Poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤2 | 2 | 2–10 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤2 | 2 | 2–10 (bounded) |
47 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 46 | 50% |
| Szkoda et al. 2013 | 1 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-682d18808f66:5a4062131fb6
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Pb reference · Poultry, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Pb reference · Poultry, as sold, dry weight. Poultry, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 490 | 890 | 3040 |
| Alternative weighting | 690 | 890 | 1970 |
3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Iqbal et al. 2023 | 3 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Iqbal et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-429f03a514bd:7167bf4141e7
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Cd reference · Poultry, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Cd reference · Poultry, as sold. Poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | 2.33–5 (bounded) |
69 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 68 | 50% |
| Szkoda et al. 2013 | 1 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-5c314c80a884:8b1dd537db3c
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry tAs reference · Poultry, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI poultry tAs reference · Poultry, as sold. Poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤2 | ≤2 | ≤7.5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤2 | ≤2 | ≤6 |
37 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 36 | 50% |
| Szkoda et al. 2013 | 1 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-cba4b36cfb71:4ba712917c9d
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry tAs reference · Poultry, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI poultry tAs reference · Poultry, as sold, dry weight. Poultry, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 |
| Alternative weighting | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-a760ec4eb659:85000e3387f9
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry iAs reference · Poultry, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI poultry iAs reference · Poultry, as sold. Poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤3 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤3 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-0e7628600978:0dbfd14d4ccd
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry tHg reference · Poultry, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI poultry tHg reference · Poultry, as sold. Poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
31 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 30 | 50% |
| Szkoda et al. 2013 | 1 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-40d15e63a5a8:d2a499921200
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry tHg reference · Poultry, dried
Reference and scope
HMI poultry tHg reference · Poultry, dried. Poultry, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Baxter et al. 2025 | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Baxter et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, dried on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-12ca8f4c6a84:b5a01162923b
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Ni reference · Poultry, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Ni reference · Poultry, as sold. Poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Alternative weighting | 5 | 5 | 5 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Manfredi et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Manfredi et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-65f2d34a3692:ce7b52a9dde6
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Cr reference · Poultry, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Cr reference · Poultry, as sold, dry weight. Poultry, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 335 | 390 | 545 |
| Alternative weighting | 335 | 390 | 545 |
4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Iqbal et al. 2023 | 4 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Iqbal et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-d4c987ed71cd:277abcdcb8ac
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Cr reference · Poultry, dried
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Cr reference · Poultry, dried. Poultry, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤2.5 | ≤2.5 | ≤2.5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤2.5 | ≤2.5 | ≤2.5 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Baxter et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Baxter et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, dried on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-0006177ab030:4e29681cd551
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Sn reference · Poultry, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Sn reference · Poultry, as sold. Poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-24eee5ab842e:a4c7a09ccbed
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Sb reference · Poultry, dried
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Sb reference · Poultry, dried. Poultry, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤2.5 | ≤2.5 | ≤2.5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤2.5 | ≤2.5 | ≤2.5 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Baxter et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Baxter et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, dried on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-211d77c040f3:30971ebc6413
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Co reference · Poultry, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Co reference · Poultry, as sold. Poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤24 | ≤24 | ≤24 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤24 | ≤24 | ≤24 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Ventura et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-54d2c92a4767:9c6ad48225d8
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry Fe reference · Poultry, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI poultry Fe reference · Poultry, as sold, dry weight. Poultry, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 25700 | 35100 | 46200 |
| Alternative weighting | 25700 | 35100 | 46200 |
4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Iqbal et al. 2023 | 4 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Iqbal et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-dcbdf232331f:14caede56183
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI poultry B reference · Poultry, dried
Reference and scope
HMI poultry B reference · Poultry, dried. Poultry, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤2480 | ≤2480 | ≤2480 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤2480 | ≤2480 | ≤2480 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Baxter et al. 2025 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for poultry, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Baxter et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for poultry, dried on this basis in the completed poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:poultry-5e1bdb89bb26:206deed2e792
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
The source reports only a percentile, range or maximum for these samples, with no mean or median to place against the reference. Spread figures that do have a mean or median are shown on that row instead.
The value could not be reconciled with its own paper, so it is shown but not compared.
The result is below a reporting limit, and the range from zero to that limit crosses more than one band.
No medians or sample values exist for this form and metal, so no HMI reference could be built.
The HMI reference for this form has fewer than four units or no measurable spread, below the display minimum.
The result is on a basis (dry weight, or not stated) that no HMI reference for this form uses, so it cannot be placed.
Reporting limits overlap the study comparison, so no direction can be shown.
No findings match these filters. Change the selection or reset to show all source findings.
How metals reach poultry
No study in the library compared poultry from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.
Which forms and regions measured lower
The HMI reference for lead in poultry, as sold pools 47 subgroup units from 2 sampling families, with a median of 2 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 2 (lower quartile) and between 2 and 10 µg/kg (upper quartile).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →6Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source → For cadmium in poultry, as sold, the reference median was below 1 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to below 5 µg/kg across 69 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →6Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source → For total arsenic in poultry, as sold, the reference median was below 2 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 2 to below 7.5 µg/kg across 37 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →6Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source →
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, poultry, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (1.39 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (50 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (2.5 µg/kg) and the highest in AFRO (9 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For total arsenic, the lowest regional median was in AFRO (2 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (16.5 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
In one study, lead across 4 groups of poultry ranged from 1.39 µg/kg (PAHO) to 50 µg/kg (EURO); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → In another study, lead across 4 groups of poultry ranged from 0.13 µg/kg (domestic farm 7, Akmola region (9 samples)) to 124 µg/kg (domestic farm 8, Akmola region (2 samples)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.10Analysis of heavy metals content in domestic and imported poultry meatHerald of Science of S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University: Veterinary SciencesRead source →
Processing, cooking and preparation
Processed or prepared forms were compared only with unprocessed poultry in the same study and group. Poultry, cooked (5 city composites) had lead lower at 10.9 µg/kg, against 11.4 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (poultry, as sold).11Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Journal of AOAC InternationalRead source →
Forms differ in water content, so a per-kilogram difference is not by itself a measured removal or gain of metal.
Mitigation for poultry
Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.
No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.
Trade-offs and limits of controls
Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.
Testing poultry for metals
Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 70 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.3 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 100 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 100 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.
Buying and verifying poultry
No maximum level for metals in poultry was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.
Exposure from poultry
No source in the library converted poultry concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.
Evidence review and remaining gaps
Every source record that names poultry was decided on its content: 31 occurrence extracted, 31 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.
References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.
Poultry FAQs
What heavy metals are found in poultry?
The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Ag, As_nonextractable, AsIII, AsV, B, Ba, I, Mo, Sr and Tl in poultry, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →3Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in poultry, as sold from 465 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 1.39 to 50 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Which regions report the lowest levels in poultry?
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, poultry, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (1.39 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (50 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (2.5 µg/kg) and the highest in AFRO (9 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
Does processing change heavy metals in poultry?
Only comparisons between forms in the same study are available, not before-and-after measurements of the same poultry.11Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Journal of AOAC InternationalRead source → Poultry, cooked (5 city composites) had lead lower at 10.9 µg/kg, against 11.4 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (poultry, as sold).11Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Journal of AOAC InternationalRead source →
How much of the arsenic in poultry is inorganic?
Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 7 results from 5 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →12Statement on arsenic in food: results of the 1999 Total Diet StudyCommittee on Toxicity statementRead source →13Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →14Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source → Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 3 µg/kg (Food Standards Agency 2014) to 12.5 µg/kg (Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food 2003).4Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →12Statement on arsenic in food: results of the 1999 Total Diet StudyCommittee on Toxicity statementRead source →
References
Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsDataset
- Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadGovernment
- Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachPeer-reviewed
- Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsGovernment
- Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury Contamination in Over-the-Counter Available Dry Dog Foods With Different Animal Ingredients (Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish)Peer-reviewed
- Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyPeer-reviewed
- Research note: High levels of lead and arsenic in imported dried black soldier fly larvae: implications for backyard poultry supplementationPeer-reviewed
- Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Poultry Feed and Poultry ProductsPeer-reviewed
- Safety of black soldier fly larvae: microbial and heavy metal risksPeer-reviewed
- Analysis of heavy metals content in domestic and imported poultry meatPeer-reviewed
- Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Peer-reviewed
- Statement on arsenic in food: results of the 1999 Total Diet StudyGovernment
- Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodGovernment
- Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationGovernment
Sources
Browse Poultry Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.
Update history
22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every poultry record in the library: 31 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.