Faraj et al. 2023 - backyard chicken metals in Iraq

Faraj, Khidhir, and Zahir measured cadmium, copper, and lead in backyard chicken breast and liver samples from four regions of Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. The paper reports tissue means as mg/kg (mean ±SD) after drying, microwave digestion, and ICP-OES analysis. The downloaded filename says “Turkey”, but the extracted article is the Iraq backyard-chicken study identified by DOI 10.25130/tjas.23.3.15.

Key numbers

• Sample frame: Sixty (60) backyard chickens were collected from Bazyan, Dukan, Mergapan, and Tanjaro (15 chickens per region); the authors report 60 liver tissues and 60 breast muscle tissues.
• Table 1, backyard chicken liver from Bazyan (mg/kg, mean ±SD): Cd 0.266 ±0.071, Cu 6.701 ±0.326, Pb 0.729 ±0.269.
• Table 1, backyard chicken liver from Dukan (mg/kg, mean ±SD): Cd 0.355 ±0.06, Cu 11.541 ±0.476, Pb 0.158 ±0.014.
• Table 1, backyard chicken liver from Mergapan (mg/kg, mean ±SD): Cd 0.227 ±0.02, Cu 11.372 ±1.208, Pb 0.091 ±0.023.
• Table 1, backyard chicken liver from Tanjaro (mg/kg, mean ±SD): Cd 0.132 ±0.019, Cu 5.755 ±0.453, Pb 0.147 ±0.021.
• Table 2, backyard chicken breast from Bazyan (mg/kg, mean ±SD): Cd 0.011±0.003, Cu 3.832±0.748, Pb 0.082±0.056.
• Table 2, backyard chicken breast from Dukan (mg/kg, mean ±SD): Cd 0.020±0.001, Cu 2.397±0.325, Pb 0.118±0.034.
• Table 2, backyard chicken breast from Mergapan (mg/kg, mean ±SD): Cd 0.022±0.002, Cu 2.928±0.987, Pb 0.022±0.009.
• Table 2, backyard chicken breast from Tanjaro (mg/kg, mean ±SD): Cd 0.015±0.002, Cu 1.683±0.286, Pb 0.149±0.029.
• Figures 2-4 report combined “breast and liver together” regional values that equal the tissue-table sums rather than independent tissue means: Cd Bazyan 0.278, Dukan 0.375, Mergapan 0.248, Tanjaro 0.147; Cu Bazyan 10.533, Dukan 13.939, Mergapan 14.301, Tanjaro 7.438; Pb Bazyan 0.811, Dukan 0.276, Mergapan 0.113, Tanjaro 0.296.

Methods (brief)

The authors collected backyard chickens from four sub-regions, transported them to the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences higher education research laboratory, and isolated breast and liver tissues after dissection. Tissue samples were cut, homogenized with a stainless-steel knife, dried at 105°C for 12 hours or to constant weight, ground to powder, and digested by microwave digestion: One (1) g dried homogenized sample plus Eight (8) mL of 69% nitric acid (HNO3) and 1 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PTFE vessels. Digests were filtered if needed through Whatman No. 40, diluted to 50 mL, stored at 25 oC for 24 hr., and analyzed for Cd, Cu, and Pb using iCAP 7600 Dual ICP-OES.

Implications

Certification (HMTc): This is direct poultry occurrence evidence for backyard chicken breast and liver in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The liver and breast tables should be kept as separate tissue matrices; the figure-level “together” values are source-reported combined sums and should not be treated as additional independent samples.

Courses: The paper is useful for teaching file-identity discipline because the local filename suggests a Turkey chicken-meat/liver paper, while the PDF title, DOI, and methods identify a different Iraq backyard-chicken paper. It is also a clean example of preserving mg/kg table units even when the Methods section describes intermediate μg∙mL-1 and mg∙g-1 calculations.

App: The source can support Iraq poultry-product context for Cd, Cu, and Pb by tissue and region, especially when an app view needs to distinguish breast meat from liver/offal.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• cadmium
• copper
• lead
• chicken
• poultry
• meat
• organ-meats
• poultry-product

Verification notes

• PDF text was extracted with pdftotext -layout to /tmp/mfk_june8_575.txt; the title block, DOI line, abstract, sample collection section, sample preparation/microwave digestion section, metal analysis section, Tables 1-2, Figures 2-4, conclusions, and license line were checked against this page.
• DOI 10.25130/tjas.23.3.15, title text, raw handle MFK_evaluation-of-some-heavy-metal-and-trace-element, and candidate cite-key faraj2023-backyard-chicken-metals-iraq were searched before creation; no existing source page was found.
• Units are copied exactly from Tables 1-2 as mg/kg (mean ±SD). The Methods section says concentrations were measured in μg∙mL-1 and converted using a dilution factor, but this page does not convert the table units.
• Speciation: the source reports total Cd, Cu, and Pb by ICP-OES. No arsenic, mercury, chromium, or organotin speciation is involved.
• Brand firewall: the study reports region-level backyard chicken samples and no brands or sellers. No brand-linked contamination values are reported here.
• Frontmatter slugs were checked against docs/gpt-collaboration/taxonomy-snapshot.md. The taxonomy lacks exact backyard-chicken-breast and backyard-chicken-liver ingredient/product slugs, so those remain matrix descriptors while routing uses broad chicken, poultry, meat, organ-meats, and poultry-product.
• Source-internal caution: the Cu Results prose transposes some region/value wording, but Table 1 is internally clear; this page uses the table values for liver Cu.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.