Heavy metals in Meat and poultry

Quick read

Meat and poultry in the HMI library has 1,823 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, Ba, CrIII, Ga, mercury (Hg), I, Mo, Sr and Tl from 69 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2ANSES · 2026Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →}^{3Apdraim G, Sarsembayeva N, Lozowicka B · 2023Effect of vermiculite feed additive on the chemical, mineral, and amino acid compositions of quail meatNot reportedRead source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{6Barone G, Storelli A, Quaglia NC, Garofalo R, Meleleo D, Busco A, Storelli MM · 2021Trace Metals in Pork Meat Products Marketed in Italy: Occurrence and Health Risk CharacterizationBiological Trace Element Research (2021) 199: 2826-2836Read source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and total mercury and others, in 1,823 results from 69 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2ANSES · 2026Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →}^{3Apdraim G, Sarsembayeva N, Lozowicka B · 2023Effect of vermiculite feed additive on the chemical, mineral, and amino acid compositions of quail meatNot reportedRead source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}
Main drivers:
Meat and poultry, as sold from wild boar meat content <35% had lead higher at 160 µg/kg, against 100 µg/kg for all samples, 16 brands, Italian market, March-November 2020 in the same study.^{7Lenti A, Menozzi A, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Iemmi T, Galletti G, Serventi P, Bertini S · 2021Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian MarketInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3989Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2ANSES · 2026Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →}^{3Apdraim G, Sarsembayeva N, Lozowicka B · 2023Effect of vermiculite feed additive on the chemical, mineral, and amino acid compositions of quail meatNot reportedRead source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

Meat and poultry overview

Meat and poultry in the HMI library has 1,823 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, Ba, CrIII, Ga, Hg, I, Mo, Sr and Tl from 69 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2ANSES · 2026Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →}^{3Apdraim G, Sarsembayeva N, Lozowicka B · 2023Effect of vermiculite feed additive on the chemical, mineral, and amino acid compositions of quail meatNot reportedRead source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{6Barone G, Storelli A, Quaglia NC, Garofalo R, Meleleo D, Busco A, Storelli MM · 2021Trace Metals in Pork Meat Products Marketed in Italy: Occurrence and Health Risk CharacterizationBiological Trace Element Research (2021) 199: 2826-2836Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in meat and poultry, as sold from 26,467 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 1.19 to 139 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, GEMS/Food gave subgroup medians from 0.412 to 270 µg/kg from 35,930 results.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Across 12 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (Berber et al. 2024) to 6,160 µg/kg (Lenti et al. 2021).^{7Lenti A, Menozzi A, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Iemmi T, Galletti G, Serventi P, Bertini S · 2021Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian MarketInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3989Read source →}^{8Berber S, Acarlı S, Bayraklı B, Kale S, Vural P, Sönmez AY · 2024Metal content and fatty acid profiles in narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) from Atikhisar Dam Lake, Turkey: seasonal variation and health risk assessmentEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchRead source →} For cadmium, 14 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 0.17 µg/kg (ANSES 2026) to 480 µg/kg (Chowdhury et al. 2024).^{2ANSES · 2026Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →}^{9Chowdhury AI, Alam MR · 2024Health effects of heavy metals in meat and poultry consumption in Noakhali, BangladeshToxicology Reports 12 (2024) 168-177Read source →} Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Meat and poultry, as sold from shot animal 1, sample U1: centre of wound channel, exit side (experiment) had lead higher at 1,960,000 µg/kg, against 97 µg/kg for shot animal 2, control sample U8 in the same study.^{10Ulf Qvarfort, Christer Holmgren · 2025Lead in game meat: a study of bioaccessibility of lead metal fragmentsJournal of Analytical Techniques and ResearchRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the meat and poultry came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as meat and poultry

This page covers meat and poultry in 5 forms kept separate in every comparison: meat and poultry, as sold (1,704 results), meat and poultry, cooked (59 results), meat and poultry, frozen (28 results), meat and poultry, canned (24 results) and meat and poultry, peeled or flesh (8 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2ANSES · 2026Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →}^{3Apdraim G, Sarsembayeva N, Lozowicka B · 2023Effect of vermiculite feed additive on the chemical, mineral, and amino acid compositions of quail meatNot reportedRead source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{6Barone G, Storelli A, Quaglia NC, Garofalo R, Meleleo D, Busco A, Storelli MM · 2021Trace Metals in Pork Meat Products Marketed in Italy: Occurrence and Health Risk CharacterizationBiological Trace Element Research (2021) 199: 2826-2836Read source →} Foods made from meat and poultry that have their own pages, such as bologna luncheon meat, meat and poultry purees, meat and poultry and turkey luncheon meat, are covered there.

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of meat and poultry

The table holds every extracted meat and poultry result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 1,823 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2ANSES · 2026Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →}^{3Apdraim G, Sarsembayeva N, Lozowicka B · 2023Effect of vermiculite feed additive on the chemical, mineral, and amino acid compositions of quail meatNot reportedRead source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{6Barone G, Storelli A, Quaglia NC, Garofalo R, Meleleo D, Busco A, Storelli MM · 2021Trace Metals in Pork Meat Products Marketed in Italy: Occurrence and Health Risk CharacterizationBiological Trace Element Research (2021) 199: 2826-2836Read source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

439 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 320 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 106 values from 11 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{11Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, Font G, Yusà V · 2018Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →}^{12Baxter M, Brereton N · 2015Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →}^{8Berber S, Acarlı S, Bayraklı B, Kale S, Vural P, Sönmez AY · 2024Metal content and fatty acid profiles in narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) from Atikhisar Dam Lake, Turkey: seasonal variation and health risk assessmentEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchRead source →}^{10Ulf Qvarfort, Christer Holmgren · 2025Lead in game meat: a study of bioaccessibility of lead metal fragmentsJournal of Analytical Techniques and ResearchRead source →}^{13Raeeszadeh M, Gravandi H, Akbari A · 2021Determination of some heavy metals concentration in species animal meat (sheep, beef, turkey, and ostrich) and carcinogenic health risk assessment in Kurdistan province, western IranResearch SquareRead source →}^{14Adilbekov Z, Mustafina R, Suleimenov S, Serikova A, Zhuzzassarova G, Suranshiyev Z, Bainiyazov A · 2026Technogenic contamination of livestock- and fish-derived food products with heavy metals and radionuclides in industrial and post-nuclear regions of KazakhstanVeterinary World 2026, 19(3): 1052-1068Read source →}^{15Altalib SA, Ghania AA, Alazzabi AA · 2025Estimation of heavy metal concentrations in imported frozen meat sold in the Libyan marketMediterranean Journal of Medical ResearchRead source →}^{16Chen J, Chen J, Li M, Feng P, Qin M, Chen T, Luo S, Zhao J, Yan X, Chen J, Lian X, Zhang H, Huo J · 2025Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachScientific Reports 15:2229Read source →}^{17Maikanov BS, Ismagulova GT, Auteleyeva LT, Kemeshov ZO, Zhanabayeva DK · 2021Assessment of quality and safety of meats from various animal species in the Shuchinsk-Burabay resort zone, KazakhstanVeterinary World 14(6):1615-1621Read source →}^{18Kurniawati S, Damastuti E, Adventini N, Syahfitri WYN, Kusmartini I, Lestiani DD, Santoso M · 2021Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysisAIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry)Read source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of meat and poultry, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

1685 of 1685 findings · 28 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Meat and poultry findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

341 findings · 40 studies · 42 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO1999–2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2002	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2012	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2007–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2012	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2002	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2007–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	control diet, 100% main diet2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 3% vermiculite (group II)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 5% vermiculite (group III)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.Same samples: 536 µg/kg (maximum); 180 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	duck, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	mutton, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2025	productCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	mean.Same samples: 170 µg/kg (minimum); 590 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025	Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025	Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Cow, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars), Noakhali2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Duck, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Goat, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Pigeon, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Quail, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldGašparík et al. 2017	muscle tissue, all 40 animals pooled2009–2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	commercial head-shot, supermarketCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 30 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	commercial head-shot, supermarketCollection date unreported	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	commercial head-shot, supermarketCollection date unreported	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	commercial, supermarket, TasmaniaCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 40 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	commercial, supermarket, TasmaniaCollection date unreported	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	commercial, supermarket, TasmaniaCollection date unreported	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	recreational hunter-shot with lead shot, donatedCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 20 µg/kg (minimum); 18,900 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	recreational hunter-shot with lead shot, donatedCollection date unreported	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldHampton et al. 2023	recreational hunter-shot with lead shot, donatedCollection date unreported	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	all samples, 16 brands, Italian market, March-November 20202020	median.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 18,300 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	all samples, 16 brands, Italian market, March-November 20202020	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	all samples, 16 brands, Italian market, March-November 20202020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Emilia-Romagna (n = 15)2020	median.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 9,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Emilia-Romagna (n = 15)2020	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Emilia-Romagna (n = 15)2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Toscana (n = 27)2020	median.Same samples: 30 µg/kg (minimum); 5,800 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Toscana (n = 27)2020	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Toscana (n = 27)2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Trentino Alto-Adige (n = 6)2020	median.Same samples: 50 µg/kg (minimum); 18,300 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Trentino Alto-Adige (n = 6)2020	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	meat processed in Trentino Alto-Adige (n = 6)2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand A, batch A1 (57% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand A, batch A2 (57% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand A, batch A3 (57% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand A, three batches (57% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand B, batch B1 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand B, batch B2 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand B, batch B3 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand B, three batches (60% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand C, batch C1 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand C, batch C2 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand C, batch C3 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand C, three batches (60% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand D, batch D1 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand D, batch D2 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand D, batch D3 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand D, three batches (60% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand E, batch E1 (40% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand E, batch E2 (40% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand E, batch E3 (40% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand E, three batches (40% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand F, batch F1 (38% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand F, batch F2 (38% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand F, batch F3 (38% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand F, three batches (38% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand G, batch G1 (35% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand G, batch G2 (35% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand G, batch G3 (35% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand G, three batches (35% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand H, batch H1 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand H, batch H2 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand H, batch H3 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand H, three batches (60% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand I, batch I1 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand I, batch I2 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand I, batch I3 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand I, three batches (60% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand J, batch J1 (35% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand J, batch J2 (35% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand J, batch J3 (35% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand J, three batches (35% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand K, batch K1 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand K, batch K2 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand K, batch K3 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand K, three batches (60% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand L, batch L1 (26% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand L, batch L2 (26% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand L, batch L3 (26% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand L, three batches (26% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand M, batch M1 (48% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand M, batch M2 (48% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand M, batch M3 (48% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand M, three batches (48% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand N, batch N1 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand N, batch N2 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand N, batch N3 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand N, three batches (60% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand O, batch O1 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand O, batch O2 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand O, batch O3 (60% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand O, three batches (60% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand P, batch P1 (15% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand P, batch P2 (15% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand P, batch P3 (15% wild boar meat)2020	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	retail brand P, three batches (15% wild boar meat)2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content <35%2020	median.Same samples: 90 µg/kg (minimum); 1,300 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content <35%2020	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content <35%2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content >50%2020	median.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 9,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content >50%2020	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content >50%2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content 35-50%2020	median.Same samples: 30 µg/kg (minimum); 18,300 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content 35-50%2020	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldLenti et al. 2021	wild boar meat content 35-50%2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 47.2 µg/kg (minimum); 23 µg/kg (minimum); 68.4 µg/kg (maximum); 36.9 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% fenugreek seeds (group F)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% nettle leaves (group N)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	control complete feed (group C)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	female rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	male rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	all 17 wound-channel samples, both animalsCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample I1: centre of wound channel, entrance sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample I2: 3 cm radius I, entrance sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample I3: 3 cm radius II, entrance sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample I4: chest wall, entrance sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample U1: centre of wound channel, exit sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample U3: 6.5 cm radius ICollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample U4: 6.5 cm radius IICollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample U6: 10 cm radius IIICollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 1, sample U7: chest wall, exit sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2, control sample U8Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2, sample In3: 6.5 cm radius IICollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2, sample In4: 6.5 cm radius IIICollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2, sample In5: chest wall, entrance sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2, sample In6: lung and heart tissue, entrance sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2, sample U1: centre of wound channel, exit sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2, sample U3: 6.5 cm radius IICollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldQvarfort et al. 2025	shot animal 2, sample U5: chest wall, exit sideCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory A2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory B2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory C2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory D2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldShaltout et al. 2020	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldShaltout et al. 2020	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	mean.Same samples: 350 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldAl 2010	Meat and meat products, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat from market, uncooked (table:Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat, then boiled (table: "ProcessedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPain et al. 2023	raw pheasant dog food product PM3 (complete feed)2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPain et al. 2023	UK retail pheasant breast/whole bird, samples with shot excluded2021–2022Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018–2019Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bulandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Shortandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBoahene et al. 2020	locally reared cattle, Tamale abattoirCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBoahene et al. 2020	locally reared goat, Tamale abattoirCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBoahene et al. 2020	locally reared sheep, Tamale abattoirCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2015	produced at the Haringhata Farm meat plantCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 34.7 µg/kg (minimum); 77.3 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	EFSA concise food category, adjusted mean, lower bound2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	EFSA concise food category, adjusted mean, upper bound2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	EFSA concise food category, original mean, lower bound2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	EFSA concise food category, original mean, upper bound2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 0 µg/kg (percentile); 70 µg/kg (percentile); 50 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 6 µg/kg (percentile); 70 µg/kg (percentile); 3 µg/kg (percentile); 60 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2010	Meat, meat products and offal (aggregate EFSA category), all2000–2009Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldlyu 2022	national2016–2019Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 1.3–28.9 µg/kg (range)
Meat and poultry, as soldlyu 2022	national2016–2019Basis not stated	range.
Meat and poultry, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 35.6 µg/kg (percentile); 83.7 µg/kg (percentile); 30 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2019	all samples (Guangzhou, 2014-2017)2014–2017Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2023	industrial region of northern Ningxia, food category pool2017Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldZhao et al. 2022	national mean of 24 provincial composites2016–2019Basis not stated	mean.
15 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2014	median.
Meat and poultry, cookedauthors 2025	all samples in food category, Benin City street-vending sitesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in aluminium utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in copper utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in glass/Pyrex utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in iron utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.Same samples: 290 µg/kg (minimum); 780 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Cattle meat, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Chikun LGA, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Dog meat, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Goat meat, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Igabi LGA, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Kaduna North LGA, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Kaduna South LGA, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Sheep meat, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
6 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	all samples2025Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 2–257 µg/kg (range)
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	all samples2025Basis not stated	range.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Australia2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Brazil2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Jordan2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Spain2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: USA2025Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
2 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, peeled or fleshJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, peeled or fleshJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.

253 findings · 40 studies · 20 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO1999–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2006	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2002	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	control diet, 100% main diet2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 3% vermiculite (group II)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 5% vermiculite (group III)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.Same samples: 89 µg/kg (maximum); 13 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	duck, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	mutton, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2025	productCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	mean.Same samples: 50 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025	Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025	Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Cow, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars), Noakhali2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Duck, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Goat, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Pigeon, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Quail, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	mean.Same samples: 110 µg/kg (maximum); 8,750 µg/kg (maximum); 0.5 µg/kg (percentile); 21 µg/kg (percentile); 4 µg/kg (percentile); 640 µg/kg (percentile); 24 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	all samples (EU Member States and others, 2003-2007)2003–2007	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	consumption-adjusted (SAF-weighted)2003–2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldGašparík et al. 2017	muscle tissue, all 40 animals pooled2009–2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 8.2 µg/kg (minimum); 4.6 µg/kg (minimum); 8.2 µg/kg (maximum); 21.2 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% fenugreek seeds (group F)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% nettle leaves (group N)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	control complete feed (group C)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	female rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	male rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory A2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory B2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory C2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory D2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldShaltout et al. 2020	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldShaltout et al. 2020	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	mean.Same samples: 1,120 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat from market, uncooked (table:Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat, then boiled (table: "ProcessedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bulandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Shortandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBoahene et al. 2020	locally reared cattle, Tamale abattoirCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBoahene et al. 2020	locally reared goat, Tamale abattoirCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBoahene et al. 2020	locally reared sheep, Tamale abattoirCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 85.1 µg/kg (minimum); 167 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004	Member State: BelgiumCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Commission Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection 2004	Member State: FranceCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011	Australia data submission2002–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011	Brazil data submission2002–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011	Food industry (ingredients used worldwide) data submission2002–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011	France data submission2002–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011	USA (FDA total diet study) data submission2002–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011	USA (USDA) data submission2002–2009Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLuo et al. 2026	Goat feeding trial baseline group before any trial dietCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLuo et al. 2026	Goat feeding trial baseline group before any trial dietCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLuo et al. 2026	Goat feeding trial baseline group before any trial dietCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldLuo et al. 2026	Goat feeding trial baseline group before any trial dietCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldlyu 2022	national2016–2019Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 0.6–8.1 µg/kg (range)
Meat and poultry, as soldlyu 2022	national2016–2019Basis not stated	range.
Meat and poultry, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSong et al. 2017	China, 31 provinces, all samples2011–2015Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSuzuki-Inoue et al. 2024	supermarkets1979–1980Basis not stated	geometric mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2023	industrial region of northern Ningxia, food category pool2017Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldZhao et al. 2022	national mean of 24 provincial composites2016–2019Basis not stated	mean.
18 findings · 4 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Meat and poultry, cookedWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014	median.
Meat and poultry, cookedauthors 2025	all samples in food category, Benin City street-vending sitesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in aluminium utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in copper utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in earthenware/clay pot2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in glass/Pyrex utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in iron utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in Tefal/Teflon utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.Same samples: 130 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	min.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Cattle meat, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Chikun LGA, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Dog meat, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Goat meat, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Igabi LGA, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Kaduna North LGA, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Kaduna South LGA, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedSaulawa et al. 2024	Sheep meat, Kaduna MetropolisCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
6 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	all samples2025Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 1–2.3 µg/kg (range)
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	all samples2025Basis not stated	range.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Australia2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Brazil2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Jordan2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Spain2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: USA2025Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, cannedEuropean Food Safety Authority 2012	all samples (EU Member State submissions)2003–2011Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, peeled or fleshJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, peeled or fleshJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.

172 findings · 21 studies · 13 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2014	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2003	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2012–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2012	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2013	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2014–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2021	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2014	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2003	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2003	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017–2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2002	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	control diet, 100% main diet2022–2023	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 3% vermiculite (group II)2022–2023	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 5% vermiculite (group III)2022–2023	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.Same samples: 3,200 µg/kg (maximum); 110 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	duck, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	mutton, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025	Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025	Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 34.8 µg/kg (minimum); 22.3 µg/kg (minimum); 53.2 µg/kg (maximum); 30 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	highest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	lowest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Bodaträsk (polluted fresh water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Bodaträsk (polluted fresh water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Gäddträsk/Steningsträsk (unpolluted fresh-water reference lakes)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Gäddträsk/Steningsträsk (unpolluted fresh-water reference lakes)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Rönnskär (polluted brackish water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Rönnskär (polluted brackish water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Rönnskär (polluted brackish water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	mean.Same samples: 126 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2015	produced at the Haringhata Farm meat plantCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.Same samples: 1,050 µg/kg (maximum); 200 µg/kg (maximum); 100 µg/kg (maximum); 48 µg/kg (percentile); 45 µg/kg (percentile); 50 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	EFSA 2009 pooled European occurrence dataCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 1Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 2Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 3Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 4Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 5Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 6Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 7Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 8Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 9Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 10Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNusret et al. 2021	sample 11Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2023	industrial region of northern Ningxia, food category pool2017Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.

67 findings · 7 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2020–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2021	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 0.4 µg/kg (minimum); 6.2 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Bodaträsk (polluted fresh water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Bodaträsk (polluted fresh water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Burbot — Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Burbot — Rönnskär / Skelleftebukten (polluted brackish)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Fourhorn sculpin — Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Fourhorn sculpin — Rönnskär / SkelleftebuktenCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Fourhorn sculpin — Rönnskär / SkelleftebuktenCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Gäddträsk/Steningsträsk (unpolluted fresh-water reference lakes)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Gäddträsk/Steningsträsk (unpolluted fresh-water reference lakes)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Bodaträsk (polluted freshwater lake)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Bodaträsk (polluted freshwater lake)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Furuögrund (unpolluted brackish reference)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Gäddträsk/Steningsträsk (unpolluted freshwater reference lakes)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Rönnskär / Skelleftebukten (polluted brackish)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Roach — Bodaträsk (polluted freshwater lake)Collection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Roach — Gäddträsk/SteningsträskCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Roach — Gäddträsk/SteningsträskCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Rönnskär (polluted brackish water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Rönnskär (polluted brackish water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldNorin et al. 1985	Rönnskär (polluted brackish water)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, cannedEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.

12 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022–2023	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022	median.

104 findings · 15 studies · 17 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013–2015	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2010–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2002	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2018	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2005	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2002	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2004	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.Same samples: 76 µg/kg (maximum); 25.2 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	duck, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	mutton, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	mean.Same samples: 50 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025	Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChen et al. 2025	Chongqing retail monitoring, mid-bound mean2017–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFechner et al. 2022	all samples (Germany, national)2017–2019	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldGašparík et al. 2017	muscle tissue, all 40 animals pooled2009–2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldKim et al. 2018	red meat-based dry dog foods (17 formulations)Collection date unreported	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldKurniawati et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	mean.Same samples: 17 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	horses, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (maximum); 5 µg/kg (maximum); 8 µg/kg (maximum); 40 µg/kg (maximum); 5 µg/kg (percentile); 8 µg/kg (percentile); 17 µg/kg (percentile); 3.2 µg/kg (percentile); 20 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cookedauthors 2025	all samples in food category, Benin City street-vending sitesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
3 findings · 2 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 25 µg/kg (maximum); 13 µg/kg (percentile); 16 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.

5 findings · 2 studies
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2014–2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

60 findings · 14 studies · 10 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.Same samples: 1,400 µg/kg (maximum); 420 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	duck, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	mutton, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Cow, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars), Noakhali2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Duck, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Goat, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Pigeon, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Quail, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012	mean.Same samples: 330 µg/kg (percentile); 170 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012	mean.Same samples: 330 µg/kg (percentile); 610 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% fenugreek seeds (group F)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% nettle leaves (group N)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	control complete feed (group C)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	female rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	male rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldHan et al. 2024	Meat and products (Other meat product)2018–2019Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldHan et al. 2024	Meat and products (Other meat product)2018–2019Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 10–447 µg/kg (range); 370 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldHan et al. 2024	Meat and products (Other meat product)2018–2019Basis not stated	range.
Meat and poultry, as soldHan et al. 2024	Meat and products (Other meat product)2018–2019Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldHan et al. 2024	Meat and products (Sausages)2018–2019Basis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldHan et al. 2024	Meat and products (Sausages)2018–2019Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 2–3,380 µg/kg (range); 978 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldHan et al. 2024	Meat and products (Sausages)2018–2019Basis not stated	range.
Meat and poultry, as soldHan et al. 2024	Meat and products (Sausages)2018–2019Basis not stated	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2023	industrial region of northern Ningxia, food category pool2017Basis not stated	not detected.
3 findings · 2 studies
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012	mean.
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012	mean.
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.

64 findings · 17 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.Same samples: 996 µg/kg (maximum); 318 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	duck, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	mutton, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2025	productCollection date unreported	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	mean.Same samples: 140 µg/kg (minimum); 310 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Cow, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars), Noakhali2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Duck, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Goat, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Pigeon, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Quail, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldKurniawati et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 75.6 µg/kg (minimum); 41.5 µg/kg (minimum); 361 µg/kg (maximum); 122 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	highest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	lowest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldSaraiva et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2023	industrial region of northern Ningxia, food category pool2017Basis not stated	mean.
6 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	all samples2025Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 9–83 µg/kg (range)
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	all samples2025Basis not stated	range.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Australia2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Brazil2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Jordan2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Spain2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: USA2025Basis not stated	mean.
3 findings · 2 studies
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013	mean.
Meat and poultry, cannedEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013	mean.
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
2 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, peeled or fleshJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, peeled or fleshJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.

73 findings · 11 studies
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet portion with high AlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet portion with high AlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldTakanashi et al. 2018	Meat bun-1,22015–2016Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2023	industrial region of northern Ningxia, food category pool2017Basis not stated	mean.
6 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in aluminium utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in copper utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in earthenware/clay pot2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in glass/Pyrex utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in iron utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in Tefal/Teflon utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.

32 findings · 7 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2008	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2002	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 0.6 µg/kg (minimum); 10 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2015	produced at the Haringhata Farm meat plantCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.

14 findings · 5 studies
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldCommittee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food 2008	UK 2006 Total Diet Study composite food group2006	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.

12 findings · 6 studies
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldKurniawati et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	highest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	lowest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.

100 findings · 17 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.Same samples: 9,810 µg/kg (maximum); 4,090 µg/kg (percentile)
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	all samples (pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck), Zhejiang2018–2020	percentile.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	duck, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldauthors 2021	mutton, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	mean.Same samples: 870 µg/kg (minimum); 1,250 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Cow, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars), Noakhali2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Duck, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Goat, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Pigeon, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Quail, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldGašparík et al. 2017	muscle tissue, all 40 animals pooled2009–2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 1,000 µg/kg (minimum); 751 µg/kg (minimum); 1,310 µg/kg (maximum); 1,540 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% fenugreek seeds (group F)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% nettle leaves (group N)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	control complete feed (group C)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	female rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	male rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory A2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory B2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory C2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory D2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat from market, uncooked (table:Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat, then boiled (table: "ProcessedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bulandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Shortandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2015	produced at the Haringhata Farm meat plantCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet portion with high CuCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet portion with high CuCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2023	industrial region of northern Ningxia, food category pool2017Basis not stated	mean.
5 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in copper utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in earthenware/clay pot2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in glass/Pyrex utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in iron utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in Tefal/Teflon utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
6 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	all samples2025Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 119–923 µg/kg (range)
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	all samples2025Basis not stated	range.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Australia2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Brazil2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Jordan2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: Spain2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	country of origin: USA2025Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, peeled or fleshJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, peeled or fleshJamil et al. 2015	Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)2013Basis not stated	mean.

65 findings · 9 studies
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	control diet, 100% main diet2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 3% vermiculite (group II)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 5% vermiculite (group III)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Cow, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars), Noakhali2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Duck, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Goat, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Pigeon, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2024	Quail, local markets (Maijdee, Pouro and Sonapur bazars),2022	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% fenugreek seeds (group F)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% nettle leaves (group N)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	control complete feed (group C)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	female rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	male rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory A2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory B2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory C2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory D2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat from market, uncooked (table:Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat, then boiled (table: "ProcessedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
5 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in aluminium utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in copper utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in earthenware/clay pot2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in glass/Pyrex utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in Tefal/Teflon utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.

38 findings · 7 studies
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	control diet, 100% main diet2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 3% vermiculite (group II)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 5% vermiculite (group III)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	highest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	lowest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% fenugreek seeds (group F)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% nettle leaves (group N)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	control complete feed (group C)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	female rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	male rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory A2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory B2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory C2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory D2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat from market, uncooked (table:Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat, then boiled (table: "ProcessedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.

84 findings · 14 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	control diet, 100% main diet2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 3% vermiculite (group II)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 5% vermiculite (group III)2022–2023	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	mean.Same samples: 4,580 µg/kg (minimum); 9,050 µg/kg (maximum)
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldBarone et al. 2021	retail samples, commercial centers of Apulia, South Italy2018	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldGašparík et al. 2017	muscle tissue, all 40 animals pooled2009–2010	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldKurniawati et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% fenugreek seeds (group F)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	complete feed with 1% nettle leaves (group N)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	control complete feed (group C)Collection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	female rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldPalka et al. 2022	male rabbits, all diets pooledCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory A2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory B2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory C2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRostek 2010	meat pies, meat factory D2007	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat from market, uncooked (table:Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldJoyce et al. 2016	smoked (processed) cane rat meat, then boiled (table: "ProcessedCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bulandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Shortandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChowdhury et al. 2015	produced at the Haringhata Farm meat plantCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	controlCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control, no bullet fragments (n=6 portions); undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	control; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XLC bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; digested (liquid) fractionCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	median.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldPaulsen et al. 2015	XRG bullet; undigested residueCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldWang et al. 2023	industrial region of northern Ningxia, food category pool2017Basis not stated	mean.
6 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in aluminium utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in copper utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in earthenware/clay pot2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in glass/Pyrex utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in iron utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, cookedMahdi et al. 2024	cooked in Tefal/Teflon utensil2023Basis not stated	mean.

3 findings · 2 studies
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

34 findings · 5 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	female, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, August 2020 (month 2), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, December 2020 (month 6), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, February 2021 (month 8), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, January 2021 (month 7), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, July 2020 (month 1), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, June 2021 (month 12), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, March 2021 (month 9), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, May 2021 (month 11), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, November 2020 (month 5), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, October 2020 (month 4), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBerber et al. 2024	male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake2020–2021	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	highest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	max.
Meat and poultry, as soldMeligy et al. 2024	lowest of the three breed means (Magaheem, Maghateer, Wadha)2021–2022	min.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	mean.Same samples: 116–312 µg/kg (range)
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	range.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	individual pooled sample (text value)2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	individual pooled sample (text value)2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.

2 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldANSES 2026	all samples (organic and conventional)2021–2022	not detected.

11 findings · 2 studies
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.

4 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, as soldSaraiva et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSaraiva et al. 2021	Fried with oilCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSaraiva et al. 2021	Fried without oilCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldSaraiva et al. 2021	RawCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

2 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.

3 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	control diet, 100% main diet2022–2023	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 3% vermiculite (group II)2022–2023	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldApdraim et al. 2023	main diet plus 5% vermiculite (group III)2022–2023	not detected.

4 findings · 2 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldFood Standards Agency 2014	'other foods' group (UK)2013–2014	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	mean.Same samples: up to 78 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	range.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.

4 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.

5 findings · 2 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldChekri et al. 2019	common food category, France TDSCollection date unreported	mean.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	mean.Same samples: 659–869 µg/kg (range)
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	all samples2014–2016	range.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016	sample value.

9 findings · 1 study
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_262014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_302014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_312014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_332014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_342014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 26_822014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 32014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 52014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Meat and poultry, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food group composite Group 222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Meat and poultry, cannedBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_272014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI meat and poultry Pb reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Pb reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	21	100	230
Alternative weighting	21	100	230–270 (bounded)

465 reference units; 5 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	408	20%
authors 2025	1	20%
Gašparík et al. 2017	1	20%
Lenti et al. 2021	54	20%
Szkoda et al. 2013	1	20%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

5 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-7954fbd96b3b:c1d732c6f7ed

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Pb reference · Meat and poultry, as sold, basis not stated

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Pb reference · Meat and poultry, as sold, basis not stated. Meat and poultry, as sold; Basis not stated by the source, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.02	≤25	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤0.02	≤25	≤50

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a basis not stated by the source basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-2c7e1f83136d:9d86c950af5d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Pb reference · Meat and poultry, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Pb reference · Meat and poultry, cooked. Meat and poultry, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	1.98–2.48 (bounded)	3.95
Alternative weighting	≤1	1.98–2.48 (bounded)	3.95

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, cooked on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-7aa5aed22c76:cb868fcf7b47

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Cd reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Cd reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	5	23	30
Alternative weighting	5	23	30

442 reference units; 5 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	436	20%
authors 2025	1	20%
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2009	3	20%
Gašparík et al. 2017	1	20%
Szkoda et al. 2013	1	20%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

5 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-e30a860c014c:5afc4367b067

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Cd reference · Meat and poultry, as sold, basis not stated

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Cd reference · Meat and poultry, as sold, basis not stated. Meat and poultry, as sold; Basis not stated by the source, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5	3.26–5.76 (bounded)	6.52
Alternative weighting	≤5	3.26–5.76 (bounded)	6.52

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a basis not stated by the source basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-8101b0fabcc8:d8a28ce00885

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Cd reference · Meat and poultry, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Cd reference · Meat and poultry, cooked. Meat and poultry, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	16.5	16.5	16.5
Alternative weighting	16.5	16.5	16.5

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, cooked on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-117fbd488991:ce3685461e91

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry tAs reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry tAs reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2	≤10	14.3–45 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤2	≤10	0.819–40.7 (bounded)

383 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	379	33%
Szkoda et al. 2013	1	33%
Ventura et al. 2025	3	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-d70fe2b0c7d4:2b1c967473e3

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry iAs reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry iAs reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	≤10	≤20
Alternative weighting	≤6.66	≤10	≤20

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-347d2d7d943f:b08f3e9217c5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry DMA reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry DMA reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤20	≤20	≤20
Alternative weighting	≤20	≤20	≤20

14 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	14	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-1c2576b63a8e:227f0fdafe07

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry tHg reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry tHg reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤2	11
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤2	11

223 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	221	33%
Gašparík et al. 2017	1	33%
Szkoda et al. 2013	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-2b083ab5d40f:46eb38f072e3

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry MeHg reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry MeHg reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	≤10	≤15
Alternative weighting	≤10	≤10	≤19

5 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	5	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-8cc346a06031:7701a04d9e2a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Cr reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Cr reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	150	150	150
Alternative weighting	150	150	150

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
authors 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

authors 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

authors 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-55a4a1b75f37:de530416fc4a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Al reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Al reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	135–312 (bounded)	667	1430
Alternative weighting	≤236	585	1570

12 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	12	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-2ec8aec4b59e:3d390290abdc

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Sn reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Sn reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	7.26–9.66 (bounded)	12.3	17.7
Alternative weighting	6.83–10 (bounded)	13.3	20

14 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	14	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-2c28ddaaba33:a8f071fdc828

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Co reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Co reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1.6	1.6–24 (bounded)	26
Alternative weighting	≤12.8	0.8–24 (bounded)	13.8–25 (bounded)

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-59341f064519:b375f0b91f44

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Cu reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Cu reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1620	1620	1620
Alternative weighting	1620	1620	1620

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Gašparík et al. 2017	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Gašparík et al. 2017 is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Gašparík et al. 2017

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-d301c5ba73a9:c1fa4bb81178

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Zn reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Zn reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	12100	12100	12100
Alternative weighting	12100	12100	12100

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Gašparík et al. 2017	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Gašparík et al. 2017 is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Gašparík et al. 2017

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-7e9d672fb655:ff1f8034d664

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Se reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Se reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	117	230	543
Alternative weighting	117	230	543

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-877f022121de:4d02096f91fa

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry I reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry I reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤20	11.5–21.5 (bounded)	23
Alternative weighting	≤20	11.5–21.5 (bounded)	23

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-1cd5f6504373:cfc18d877ce7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Mo reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Mo reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤28	28–48 (bounded)	717
Alternative weighting	≤38	14–48 (bounded)	373–383 (bounded)

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-a1c5c65d2a73:67e0dea3522c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI meat and poultry Sr reference · Meat and poultry, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI meat and poultry Sr reference · Meat and poultry, as sold. Meat and poultry, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	55	953	1850
Alternative weighting	55	953	1850

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for meat and poultry, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for meat and poultry, as sold on this basis in the completed meat and poultry ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:meat-3e5d182f0704:4394652f8706

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach meat and poultry

The evidence on how metals reach meat and poultry comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Meat and poultry, as sold from shot animal 1, sample U1: centre of wound channel, exit side (experiment) had lead higher at 1,960,000 µg/kg, against 97 µg/kg for shot animal 2, control sample U8 in the same study.^{10Ulf Qvarfort, Christer Holmgren · 2025Lead in game meat: a study of bioaccessibility of lead metal fragmentsJournal of Analytical Techniques and ResearchRead source →} In another study, meat and poultry, as sold from Rönnskär (polluted brackish water) (industrial-affected area) had total arsenic higher at 2,600 µg/kg, against 240 µg/kg for Bodaträsk (polluted fresh water) in the same study.^{19Norin H, Vahter M, Christakopoulos A, Sandstrom M · 1985Concentration of inorganic and total arsenic in fish from industrially polluted waterChemosphereRead source →} A third study found that meat and poultry, as sold from smoked (processed) cane rat meat from market, uncooked (table: had Mn higher at 5,330 µg/kg, against 1,250 µg/kg for smoked (processed) cane rat meat, then boiled (table: “Processed in the same study.^{20Joyce K, Emikpe BO, Asare DA, Asenso TN, Yeboah R, Jarikre TA, Jagun-Jubril A · 2016Effects of Different Cooking Methods on Heavy Metals Level in Fresh and Smoked Game MeatJournal of Food Processing & TechnologyRead source →}

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in meat and poultry, as sold pools 465 subgroup units from 5 sampling families, with a median of 100 µg/kg and a middle half spanning 21 (lower quartile) and 230 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{7Lenti A, Menozzi A, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Iemmi T, Galletti G, Serventi P, Bertini S · 2021Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian MarketInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3989Read source →}^{21Gašparík J, Binkowski ŁJ, Jahnátek A, Šmehýl P, Dobiaš M, Lukáč N, Błaszczyk M, Semla M, Massanyi P · 2017Levels of Metals in Kidney, Liver, and Muscle Tissue and their Influence on the Fitness for the Consumption of Wild Boar from Western SlovakiaBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →}^{22Szkoda J, Żmudzki J, Nawrocka A, Kmiecik M · 2013Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source →} For cadmium in meat and poultry, as sold, the reference median was 23 µg/kg, with a middle half from 5 to 30 µg/kg across 442 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{5Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{21Gašparík J, Binkowski ŁJ, Jahnátek A, Šmehýl P, Dobiaš M, Lukáč N, Błaszczyk M, Semla M, Massanyi P · 2017Levels of Metals in Kidney, Liver, and Muscle Tissue and their Influence on the Fitness for the Consumption of Wild Boar from Western SlovakiaBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →}^{22Szkoda J, Żmudzki J, Nawrocka A, Kmiecik M · 2013Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source →}^{23EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) · 2009Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in foodThe EFSA JournalRead source →} For total arsenic in meat and poultry, as sold, the reference median was below 10 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 2 to between 14.3 and 45 µg/kg across 383 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{22Szkoda J, Żmudzki J, Nawrocka A, Kmiecik M · 2013Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source →}^{24Ventura M, Rego A, Gueifão S, Delgado I, Coelho I · 2025Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study ApproachFoodsRead source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, meat and poultry, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (1.19 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (50 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (0.412 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (270 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For total arsenic, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (2.25 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (62 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Targeted meat and poultry, as sold samples in WPRO had total arsenic lower at 10 µg/kg, against 10.8 µg/kg for WPRO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In another study, targeted meat and poultry, as sold samples in WPRO had total arsenic higher at 18 µg/kg, against 10.8 µg/kg for WPRO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 48 groups of meat and poultry ranged from 10 µg/kg (retail brand C, batch C3 (60% wild boar meat)) to 18,300 µg/kg (retail brand E, batch E2 (40% wild boar meat)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{7Lenti A, Menozzi A, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Iemmi T, Galletti G, Serventi P, Bertini S · 2021Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian MarketInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3989Read source →} In another study, lead across 24 groups of meat and poultry ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (male, April 2021 (month 10), Atikhisar Dam Lake) to 78 µg/kg (male, September 2020 (month 3), Atikhisar Dam Lake); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{8Berber S, Acarlı S, Bayraklı B, Kale S, Vural P, Sönmez AY · 2024Metal content and fatty acid profiles in narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) from Atikhisar Dam Lake, Turkey: seasonal variation and health risk assessmentEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchRead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

Processed or prepared forms were compared only with unprocessed meat and poultry in the same study and group. Meat and poultry, peeled or flesh (Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)) had lead higher at 1,120 µg/kg, against 698 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (meat and poultry, as sold).^{25Jamil N, Baqar M, Manzoor M, Abbas N, Qadir A, Ahsan N, Shaikh IA, Munir S, Arslan M, Zahid H · 2015Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Edible Organs of Different Meat Products Available in the Markets of Lahore, PakistanPakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series B: Biological Sciences 58(2):92-97Read source →} In another study, meat and poultry, canned (all samples (EU Member State submissions)) had cadmium lower at 7.37 µg/kg, against 362 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (meat and poultry, as sold).^{26European Food Safety Authority · 2012Cadmium dietary exposure in the European populationEFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2551Read source →} A third study found that meat and poultry, canned (European dietary-survey occurrence data) had inorganic arsenic higher at 10.8 µg/kg, against 4.4 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (meat and poultry, as sold).^{27European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}

Forms differ in water content, so a per-kilogram difference is not by itself a measured removal or gain of metal.

Mitigation for meat and poultry

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.^{10Ulf Qvarfort, Christer Holmgren · 2025Lead in game meat: a study of bioaccessibility of lead metal fragmentsJournal of Analytical Techniques and ResearchRead source →} Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing meat and poultry for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.08 µg/kg (lyu 2022) to 3,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{28lyu · 2022Characterizing the Exposome of Food Contamination and China Total Diet Study: Project for Improving Food Safety Risk Assessment in ChinaChina CDC WeeklyRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.05 µg/kg (lyu 2022) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{28lyu · 2022Characterizing the Exposome of Food Contamination and China Total Diet Study: Project for Improving Food Safety Risk Assessment in ChinaChina CDC WeeklyRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.667 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 100,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying meat and poultry

No maximum level for metals in meat and poultry was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from meat and poultry

No source in the library converted meat and poultry concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names meat and poultry was decided on its content: 69 occurrence extracted, 69 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Meat and poultry FAQs

What heavy metals are found in meat and poultry?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, Ba, CrIII, Ga, Hg, I, Mo, Sr and Tl in meat and poultry, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2ANSES · 2026Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES Opinion, Request No 2019-SA-0010Read source →}^{3Apdraim G, Sarsembayeva N, Lozowicka B · 2023Effect of vermiculite feed additive on the chemical, mineral, and amino acid compositions of quail meatNot reportedRead source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in meat and poultry, as sold from 26,467 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 1.19 to 139 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How do heavy metals get into meat and poultry?

In the studies available, meat and poultry from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than meat and poultry from the same study’s control.^{7Lenti A, Menozzi A, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Iemmi T, Galletti G, Serventi P, Bertini S · 2021Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian MarketInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3989Read source →} Meat and poultry, as sold from wild boar meat content <35% had lead higher at 160 µg/kg, against 100 µg/kg for all samples, 16 brands, Italian market, March-November 2020 in the same study.^{7Lenti A, Menozzi A, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Iemmi T, Galletti G, Serventi P, Bertini S · 2021Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian MarketInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3989Read source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in meat and poultry?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, meat and poultry, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (1.19 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (50 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (0.412 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (270 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Does processing change heavy metals in meat and poultry?

Only comparisons between forms in the same study are available, not before-and-after measurements of the same meat and poultry.^{25Jamil N, Baqar M, Manzoor M, Abbas N, Qadir A, Ahsan N, Shaikh IA, Munir S, Arslan M, Zahid H · 2015Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Edible Organs of Different Meat Products Available in the Markets of Lahore, PakistanPakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series B: Biological Sciences 58(2):92-97Read source →} Meat and poultry, peeled or flesh (Lahore markets (5 markets pooled)) had lead higher at 1,120 µg/kg, against 698 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (meat and poultry, as sold).^{25Jamil N, Baqar M, Manzoor M, Abbas N, Qadir A, Ahsan N, Shaikh IA, Munir S, Arslan M, Zahid H · 2015Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Edible Organs of Different Meat Products Available in the Markets of Lahore, PakistanPakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series B: Biological Sciences 58(2):92-97Read source →}

How much of the arsenic in meat and poultry is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 71 results from 7 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{29Food Standards Agency, Hallmark Meat Hygiene · 2014Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →}^{11Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, Font G, Yusà V · 2018Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →}^{19Norin H, Vahter M, Christakopoulos A, Sandstrom M · 1985Concentration of inorganic and total arsenic in fish from industrially polluted waterChemosphereRead source →}^{12Baxter M, Brereton N · 2015Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →}^{30Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{27European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →} Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 2 µg/kg (Food Standards Agency 2014) to 3.3 µg/kg (Marín et al. 2018).^{29Food Standards Agency, Hallmark Meat Hygiene · 2014Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency reportRead source →}^{11Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, Font G, Yusà V · 2018Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the results of the Third French Total Diet Study (TDS3) - Acrylamide, aluminium, silver, cadmium, mercury and leadANSES · 2026Government
Effect of vermiculite feed additive on the chemical, mineral, and amino acid compositions of quail meatApdraim G, Sarsembayeva N, and Lozowicka B · 2023 · doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.2431-2439Peer-reviewed
Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentUnknown authors · Peer-reviewed article · 2021 · doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1102078/v1Peer-reviewed
Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inUnknown authors · Peer-reviewed article · 2025 · doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v29i9.58Peer-reviewed
Trace Metals in Pork Meat Products Marketed in Italy: Occurrence and Health Risk CharacterizationBarone G, Storelli A, Quaglia NC, Garofalo R, Meleleo D, Busco A, et al. · Biological Trace Element Research (2021) 199: 2826-2836 · 2021 · doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02417-zPeer-reviewed
Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian MarketLenti A, Menozzi A, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Iemmi T, Galletti G, et al. · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3989 · 2021 · doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083989Peer-reviewed
Metal content and fatty acid profiles in narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) from Atikhisar Dam Lake, Turkey: seasonal variation and health risk assessmentBerber S, Acarlı S, Bayraklı B, Kale S, Vural P, and Sönmez AY · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · 2024 · doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32858-1Peer-reviewed
Health effects of heavy metals in meat and poultry consumption in Noakhali, BangladeshChowdhury AI and Alam MR · Toxicology Reports 12 (2024) 168-177 · 2024 · doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.01.008Peer-reviewed
Lead in game meat: a study of bioaccessibility of lead metal fragmentsUlf Qvarfort and Christer Holmgren · Journal of Analytical Techniques and Research · 2025 · doi.org/10.26502/jatr.47Peer-reviewed
Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, et al. · Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670 · 2018 · doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.005Peer-reviewed
Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodBaxter M and Brereton N · Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 · 2015 · www.food.gov.ukGovernment
Determination of some heavy metals concentration in species animal meat (sheep, beef, turkey, and ostrich) and carcinogenic health risk assessment in Kurdistan province, western IranRaeeszadeh M, Gravandi H, and Akbari A · Research Square · 2021 · doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-407310/v1Preprint
Technogenic contamination of livestock- and fish-derived food products with heavy metals and radionuclides in industrial and post-nuclear regions of KazakhstanAdilbekov Z, Mustafina R, Suleimenov S, Serikova A, Zhuzzassarova G, Suranshiyev Z, et al. · Veterinary World 2026, 19(3): 1052-1068 · 2026 · doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1052-1068Peer-reviewed
Estimation of heavy metal concentrations in imported frozen meat sold in the Libyan marketAltalib SA, Ghania AA, and Alazzabi AA · Mediterranean Journal of Medical Research · 2025 · doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17986261Peer-reviewed
Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative risk from dietary heavy metal exposure in Chongqing, China using a hazard-driven approachChen J, Chen J, Li M, Feng P, Qin M, Chen T, et al. · Scientific Reports 15:2229 · 2025 · doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83299-2Peer-reviewed
Assessment of quality and safety of meats from various animal species in the Shuchinsk-Burabay resort zone, KazakhstanMaikanov BS, Ismagulova GT, Auteleyeva LT, Kemeshov ZO, and Zhanabayeva DK · Veterinary World 14(6):1615-1621 · 2021 · doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1615-1621Peer-reviewed
Determination of several heavy metals in staple foods from traditional markets in Jakarta using neutron activation analysisKurniawati S, Damastuti E, Adventini N, Syahfitri WYN, Kusmartini I, Lestiani DD, et al. · AIP Conference Proceedings (4th International Seminar on Chemistry) · 2021 · doi.org/10.1063/5.0053376Peer-reviewed
Concentration of inorganic and total arsenic in fish from industrially polluted waterNorin H, Vahter M, Christakopoulos A, and Sandstrom M · Chemosphere · 1985 · doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(85)90060-8Peer-reviewed
Effects of Different Cooking Methods on Heavy Metals Level in Fresh and Smoked Game MeatJoyce K, Emikpe BO, Asare DA, Asenso TN, Yeboah R, Jarikre TA, et al. · Journal of Food Processing & Technology · 2016 · doi.org/10.4172/2157-7110.1000617Peer-reviewed
Levels of Metals in Kidney, Liver, and Muscle Tissue and their Influence on the Fitness for the Consumption of Wild Boar from Western SlovakiaGašparík J, Binkowski ŁJ, Jahnátek A, Šmehýl P, Dobiaš M, Lukáč N, et al. · Biological Trace Element Research · 2017 · doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0884-zPeer-reviewed
Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studySzkoda J, Żmudzki J, Nawrocka A, and Kmiecik M · Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533 · 2013 · doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0092Peer-reviewed
Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in foodEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) · The EFSA Journal · 2009 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.980Government
Dietary Exposure to Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in the Portuguese Population: A Total Diet Study ApproachVentura M, Rego A, Gueifão S, Delgado I, and Coelho I · Foods · 2025 · doi.org/10.3390/foods15050838Peer-reviewed
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Edible Organs of Different Meat Products Available in the Markets of Lahore, PakistanJamil N, Baqar M, Manzoor M, Abbas N, Qadir A, Ahsan N, et al. · Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series B: Biological Sciences 58(2):92-97 · 2015 · doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.58.2.2015.92.97Peer-reviewed
Cadmium dietary exposure in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority · EFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2551 · 2012 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2551Government
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government
Characterizing the Exposome of Food Contamination and China Total Diet Study: Project for Improving Food Safety Risk Assessment in Chinalyu · China CDC Weekly · 2022 · doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2022.039Peer-reviewed
Survey of metals and other elements in commercial infant foods, infant formula and non-infant specific foodsFood Standards Agency and Hallmark Meat Hygiene · Food Standards Agency report · 2014Government
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment

Sources

Browse Meat and poultry Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every meat and poultry record in the library: 69 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

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Heavy metals in Meat and poultry

Meat and poultry overview

What counts as meat and poultry

Heavy metal contamination profile of meat and poultry

How metals reach meat and poultry

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for meat and poultry

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing meat and poultry for metals

Buying and verifying meat and poultry

Exposure from meat and poultry

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Meat and poultry FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Referenced by

Graph View

Heavy metals in Meat and poultry

Meat and poultry overview

What counts as meat and poultry

Heavy metal contamination profile of meat and poultry

How metals reach meat and poultry

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for meat and poultry

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing meat and poultry for metals

Buying and verifying meat and poultry

Exposure from meat and poultry

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Meat and poultry FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View