Heavy metals in Peanuts

Quick read

Peanuts in the HMI library has 638 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P and Sr from 27 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →}^{5Alatise OO, Aluko TO, Okoye OJ · 2025Assessment of natural radioactivity and heavy metal accumulation in selected edible fruit nuts from Lagos and Ogun State markets, NigeriaNigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental PhysicsRead source →}^{6Akçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, Lemiashonak V · 2023Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyErwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDFRead source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury and nickel and others, in 638 results from 27 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →}
Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the peanuts was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →}

Peanuts overview

Peanuts in the HMI library has 638 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P and Sr from 27 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →}^{5Alatise OO, Aluko TO, Okoye OJ · 2025Assessment of natural radioactivity and heavy metal accumulation in selected edible fruit nuts from Lagos and Ogun State markets, NigeriaNigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental PhysicsRead source →}^{6Akçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, Lemiashonak V · 2023Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyErwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDFRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in peanuts, as sold from 916 results in 5 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 1.4 to 500 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, peanuts, cooked had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 0.2 µg/kg (Ibanga et al. 2019) to 60 µg/kg (Chen et al. 2022).^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{7Ibanga UI, Fakunle JO, Raji AO, Sogunle KA · 2019Studies on chemical elements and anti-nutrients compositions of three traditional vegetable oils in NigeriaJournal of Agricultural Science and Practice 4(5), 144-150Read source →} For cadmium, 2 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 41 µg/kg (Spungen et al. 2024) to 204 µg/kg (Chen et al. 2022).^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{8Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the peanuts came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as peanuts

This page covers peanuts in 3 forms kept separate in every comparison: peanuts, as sold (618 results), peanuts, cooked (16 results) and peanuts, oil (4 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →}^{5Alatise OO, Aluko TO, Okoye OJ · 2025Assessment of natural radioactivity and heavy metal accumulation in selected edible fruit nuts from Lagos and Ogun State markets, NigeriaNigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental PhysicsRead source →}^{6Akçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, Lemiashonak V · 2023Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyErwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDFRead source →} Foods made from peanuts that have their own pages, such as peanut butter and peanut oil, are covered there.

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of peanuts

The table holds every extracted peanuts result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 638 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →}^{5Alatise OO, Aluko TO, Okoye OJ · 2025Assessment of natural radioactivity and heavy metal accumulation in selected edible fruit nuts from Lagos and Ogun State markets, NigeriaNigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental PhysicsRead source →}^{6Akçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, Lemiashonak V · 2023Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyErwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDFRead source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

29 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 205 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 20 values from 4 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{5Alatise OO, Aluko TO, Okoye OJ · 2025Assessment of natural radioactivity and heavy metal accumulation in selected edible fruit nuts from Lagos and Ogun State markets, NigeriaNigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental PhysicsRead source →}^{7Ibanga UI, Fakunle JO, Raji AO, Sogunle KA · 2019Studies on chemical elements and anti-nutrients compositions of three traditional vegetable oils in NigeriaJournal of Agricultural Science and Practice 4(5), 144-150Read source →}^{9Adam AA, Sackey LNA, Ofori LA · 2022Risk assessment of heavy metals concentration in cereals and legumes sold in the Tamale Aboabo market, GhanaHeliyon 8 (2022) e10162Read source →}^{10Belew AA, Besha AT, Assege MA, Moges GW · 2024Heavy metals concentration and health risk assessment in peanut and date palm from Jigjiga City Markets, EthiopiaDiscover EnvironmentRead source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of peanuts, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

507 of 507 findings · 25 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Peanuts findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

93 findings · 12 studies · 19 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2010–2012As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2012As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2009–2012As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2012As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2012As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2013As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	not detected.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	not detected.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 2,400 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 2,200 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 600 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 1,000 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 1,800 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 5,800 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	all six peanut shop samples (mean row), Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P1, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P2, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P3, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P4, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P5, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P6, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	all samples2021	median.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	all samples2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	individual samples exceeding Polish 200 µg/kg Pb limit2021	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 640 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 640 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 400 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 120 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 400 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 120 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 40 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 640 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 80 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 70 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011	mean.
Peanuts, as soldĆwieląg-Drabek et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 818 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldĆwieląg-Drabek et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	max.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016	mean.
3 findings · 3 studies
Peanuts, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, cookedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	not detected.
Peanuts, cookedMasite et al. 2022	Limpopo market samples2019Dry weight	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Peanuts, oilIbanga et al. 2019	manually extracted at laboratory from seeds bought at MondayCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.

66 findings · 14 studies · 33 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2019As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2018–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2016As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2016–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2004As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2008–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2002–2008As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	not detected.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	not detected.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 540 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 440 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 420 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 340 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 220–480 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: up to 540 µg/kg (range; lowest below the limit)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	all samples2021	median.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	all samples2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 23 µg/kg (minimum); 251 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 20 µg/kg (minimum); 328 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 24 µg/kg (minimum); 207 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 20 µg/kg (minimum); 328 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 23 µg/kg (minimum); 162 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 24 µg/kg (minimum); 154 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 20 µg/kg (minimum); 180 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 55 µg/kg (minimum); 251 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 51 µg/kg (minimum); 203 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 70 µg/kg (minimum); 328 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 31 µg/kg (minimum); 167 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 99 µg/kg (minimum); 207 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 80 µg/kg (minimum); 175 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	min.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011	mean.
Peanuts, as soldĆwieląg-Drabek et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 183 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldĆwieląg-Drabek et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	max.
Peanuts, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldZealand 2008	FSANZ baseline assumption from 2001 assessment1991–2006	median.
4 findings · 4 studies
Peanuts, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, cookedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, cookedMasite et al. 2022	Limpopo market samples2019Dry weight	not detected.
Peanuts, cookedSpungen 2019	all samples, TDS market baskets 2014-20162014–2016	mean.

74 findings · 10 studies · 13 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017–2022As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2013As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2012As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2000–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2009As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldHovanec 2004	creamy low-fat peanut spread, 12 oz glass jar, gourmet storeCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldHovanec 2004	creamy low-fat peanut spreadCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016As sold / fresh	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 60 µg/kg (minimum); 74 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	min.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	max.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	all six peanut shop samples (mean row), Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P1, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P2, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P3, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P4, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P5, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P6, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	all samples2021	median.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	all samples2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 80 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 410 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2013-2015 crop years pooled2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 90 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 410 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all three regions, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 80 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 70 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 60 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southeast region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 80 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 90 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 410 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Southwest region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2013 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.Same samples: 80 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2014 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	Virginia-[brand] region, 2015 crop year2013–2015	max.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Peanuts, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, cookedMasite et al. 2022	Limpopo market samples2019Dry weight	mean.

6 findings · 3 studies
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2020As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2022As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2021As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011	mean.
Peanuts, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013	mean.

15 findings · 4 studies
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2005As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	all samples2021	median.
Peanuts, as soldBielecka et al. 2021	all samples2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBlair et al. 2017	all regions, 2013-2015 crop years2013–2015	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Peanuts, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

27 findings · 9 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 11,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Peanuts, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012As sold / fresh	percentile.
Peanuts, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 11,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Peanuts, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012As sold / fresh	percentile.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	not detected.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldTjoa et al. 2023	mixed-cropping, Big pot (1.5 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Peanuts, as soldTjoa et al. 2023	mixed-cropping, Medium pot (1.0 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Peanuts, as soldTjoa et al. 2023	mixed-cropping, Small pot (0.5 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Peanuts, as soldTjoa et al. 2023	mono-cropping, Big pot (1.5 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Peanuts, as soldTjoa et al. 2023	mono-cropping, Medium pot (1.0 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Peanuts, as soldTjoa et al. 2023	mono-cropping, Small pot (0.5 kg soil)Collection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,770–8,540 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 3,060–8,540 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 4,040–6,680 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,770–5,640 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 4,740–7,120 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 2,960–5,490 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011	mean.
Peanuts, as soldĆwieląg-Drabek et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	max.
2 findings · 2 studies
Peanuts, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, cookedMasite et al. 2022	Limpopo market samples2019Dry weight	not detected.

26 findings · 7 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013As sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (minimum); 200 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,180–5,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,450–3,860 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,180–4,620 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,870–5,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,230–3,190 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,700–2,820 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	all six peanut shop samples (mean row), Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P1, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P2, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P3, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P4, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P5, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P6, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Peanuts, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, cookedMasite et al. 2022	Limpopo market samples2019Dry weight	not detected.

11 findings · 4 studies
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016	mean.
Peanuts, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016	mean.

7 findings · 2 studies
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2011As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2001–2002As sold / fresh	median.
Peanuts, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Peanuts, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Peanuts, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

18 findings · 6 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (minimum); 100 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.
Peanuts, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016As sold / fresh	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,040–5,020 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,800–5,020 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 2,370–3,920 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,040–3,310 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 2,780–4,180 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,740–3,220 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.
1 finding · 1 study
Peanuts, cookedMasite et al. 2022	Limpopo market samples2019Dry weight	not detected.

24 findings · 6 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 4,200 µg/kg (minimum); 4,600 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	min.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	max.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: 260–13,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 780–9,540 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 5,860–11,800 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 670–9,940 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 4,580–10,600 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 260–13,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	all six peanut shop samples (mean row), Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P1, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P2, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P3, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P4, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P5, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P6, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Peanuts, oilIbanga et al. 2019	manually extracted at laboratory from seeds bought at MondayCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.

20 findings · 4 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 8,100 µg/kg (minimum); 9,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: 4,440–381,000 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 26,600–188,000 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 22,300–151,000 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 7,700–61,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 15,900–105,000 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 4,440–380,000 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	all six peanut shop samples (mean row), Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P1, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P2, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P3, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P4, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P5, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P6, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Peanuts, oilIbanga et al. 2019	manually extracted at laboratory from seeds bought at MondayCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.

13 findings · 3 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 12,200 µg/kg (minimum); 13,900 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: 4,660–34,000 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 17,900–25,600 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 15,200–22,100 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 4,660–25,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 8,600–19,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 11,400–34,000 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.

24 findings · 6 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 17,100 µg/kg (minimum); 17,300 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	min.
Peanuts, as soldAdam et al. 2022	Tamale Aboabo market composite2017Dry weight	max.
Peanuts, as soldAlatise et al. 2025	Lagos and Ogun State markets, one composite per nut typeCollection date unreportedDry weight	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,450–61,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	all sites pooled2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 32,300–61,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Bobo Dioulasso market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 21,300–41,700 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Cinkanse market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 4,900–35,900 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Dakola market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 13,800–37,400 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Niangoloko market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	median.Same samples: 1,450–39,200 µg/kg (range)
Peanuts, as soldBazie et al. 2022	Ouagadougou market2019–2020	range.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	all six peanut shop samples (mean row), Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P1, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P2, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P3, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P4, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P5, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
Peanuts, as soldBelew et al. 2024	peanut shop sample P6, Jigjiga market2024	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Peanuts, oilIbanga et al. 2019	manually extracted at laboratory from seeds bought at MondayCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.

7 findings · 2 studies
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011	mean.

10 findings · 3 studies
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016As sold / fresh	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.

7 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 214,000 µg/kg (minimum); 247,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.

7 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 677,000 µg/kg (minimum); 695,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.

7 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 992,000 µg/kg (minimum); 1,110,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.

10 findings · 3 studies
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldVentura et al. 2025	pooled TDS sample2014–2016As sold / fresh	sample value.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Peanuts, as soldAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.

7 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 14,100 µg/kg (minimum); 14,400 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.

1 finding · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 1,040,000 µg/kg (minimum); 1,110,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	min.
Peanuts, as soldGrembecka et al. 2013	products of this type bought in Gdansk market and beekeeper2004–2005As sold / fresh	max.

6 findings · 1 study
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangdong ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Guangxi ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Hebei ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Henan ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Jilin ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Peanuts, as soldChen et al. 2022	Liaoning ProvinceCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI peanuts Pb reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Pb reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤20	≤100
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤20	≤100

80 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	78	33%
Chen et al. 2022	1	33%
Grembecka et al. 2013	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-51bca23c697e:d4629048efeb

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Pb reference · Peanuts, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Pb reference · Peanuts, cooked. Peanuts, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤4

4 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-7ef87ebec31c:caee99804cf8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Pb reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Pb reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight. Peanuts, cooked; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤14.1	≤14.1	≤14.1
Alternative weighting	≤14.1	≤14.1	≤14.1

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Masite et al. 2022	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Masite et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Masite et al. 2022

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-62342835f108:f3ff34cd333e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Cd reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Cd reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤30	≤30	45
Alternative weighting	≤30	≤30	46

72 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	71	50%
Grembecka et al. 2013	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-458e09ea5391:fb37bb2a2429

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Cd reference · Peanuts, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Cd reference · Peanuts, cooked. Peanuts, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	35	42	45
Alternative weighting	35	42	45

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-b903c0cf9d82:d7fa8bbf90e4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Cd reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Cd reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight. Peanuts, cooked; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1.39	≤1.39	≤1.39
Alternative weighting	≤1.39	≤1.39	≤1.39

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Masite et al. 2022	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Masite et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Masite et al. 2022

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-91bb67c3d8d9:60ffd814b970

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts tAs reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts tAs reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤6.6	≤9.1	6.5–9.1 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤6.5	3–9.1 (bounded)	6.5–9.1 (bounded)

50 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	47	33%
Hovanec 2004	2	33%
Ventura et al. 2025	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-2632976685a3:d13ae8fdff27

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts tAs reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts tAs reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight. Peanuts, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	40	40	40
Alternative weighting	40	40	40

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Alatise et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Alatise et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Alatise et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-58d9eb3b81c1:b2a622a093c2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts tAs reference · Peanuts, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts tAs reference · Peanuts, cooked. Peanuts, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	4.9	5
Alternative weighting	≤3	4.9	5

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-11ca81dbab1a:67a03126d286

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts iAs reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts iAs reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤20	3–20 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤20	3–20 (bounded)

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-1cf0a79fec4d:148b87b01754

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts tHg reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts tHg reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.93	≤5	0.78–10 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.575	≤3.19	0.5–10 (bounded)

19 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	19	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-e4c0149296da:86e9f72f1ffa

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts tHg reference · Peanuts, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts tHg reference · Peanuts, cooked. Peanuts, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-e9b5abb6aa9c:86767527920d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Ni reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Ni reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤200	≤200	≤200
Alternative weighting	≤200	≤200	≤200

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Grembecka et al. 2013	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Grembecka et al. 2013 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Grembecka et al. 2013

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-978f6f3edf11:4cc6e7836c6f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Ni reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Ni reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight. Peanuts, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1450	1450	1450
Alternative weighting	1450	1450	1450

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Alatise et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Alatise et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Alatise et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-d6cf70a77bee:b52f2510fd32

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Ni reference · Peanuts, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Ni reference · Peanuts, cooked. Peanuts, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	400	440	550
Alternative weighting	400	440	550

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-81b90f1d9978:46bad7d1cd69

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Ni reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Ni reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight. Peanuts, cooked; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤8.09	≤8.09	≤8.09
Alternative weighting	≤8.09	≤8.09	≤8.09

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Masite et al. 2022	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Masite et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Masite et al. 2022

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-3dbb1aecb68d:c9fa4e636578

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Cr reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Cr reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight. Peanuts, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	720	720	720
Alternative weighting	720	720	720

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Alatise et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Alatise et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Alatise et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-057bb2037c1e:55fd5bd2f1b9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Cr reference · Peanuts, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Cr reference · Peanuts, cooked. Peanuts, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-eeae79c46f14:040d387e69e1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Cr reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Cr reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight. Peanuts, cooked; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1.57	≤1.57	≤1.57
Alternative weighting	≤1.57	≤1.57	≤1.57

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Masite et al. 2022	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Masite et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Masite et al. 2022

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-79c86ef93689:54aad37dd32c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Al reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Al reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	3070	3070	3070
Alternative weighting	3070	3070	3070

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-2c7ce4f96e62:e49d1cdb2ea0

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Sn reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Sn reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	≤35	50–95 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤10	≤10	≤60

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	4	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-5072ea0b8acf:72c5425b64c4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts U reference · Peanuts, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts U reference · Peanuts, cooked. Peanuts, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-535836d2939e:fea78d9bde71

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Co reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Co reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	74	74	74
Alternative weighting	74	74	74

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-075e260442f0:3fad4edf12cd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Co reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Co reference · Peanuts, cooked, dry weight. Peanuts, cooked; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5.02	≤5.02	≤5.02
Alternative weighting	≤5.02	≤5.02	≤5.02

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Masite et al. 2022	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, cooked on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Masite et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, cooked on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Masite et al. 2022

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-f234615398ff:9a8412f5dabf

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Cu reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Cu reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight. Peanuts, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1070	1070	1070
Alternative weighting	1070	1070	1070

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Alatise et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Alatise et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Alatise et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-6b3454df713f:24c9e6a322c9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Zn reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Zn reference · Peanuts, as sold, dry weight. Peanuts, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1040	1040	1040
Alternative weighting	1040	1040	1040

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Alatise et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Alatise et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Alatise et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-a6f708b67a18:ec68a1a05c34

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Se reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Se reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	96	96	96
Alternative weighting	96	96	96

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-746d1a7dd9d2:e7bb2d3f25b5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI peanuts Mo reference · Peanuts, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI peanuts Mo reference · Peanuts, as sold. Peanuts, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1870	1870	1870
Alternative weighting	1870	1870	1870

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Ventura et al. 2025	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for peanuts, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Ventura et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for peanuts, as sold on this basis in the completed peanuts ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Ventura et al. 2025

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:peanuts-e032623737df:073f46ae824a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach peanuts

No study in the library compared peanuts from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in peanuts, as sold pools 80 subgroup units from 3 sampling families, with a median of below 20 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 3 (lower quartile) and below 100 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →} For lead in peanuts, cooked, the reference median was below 4 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 4 to below 4 µg/kg across 4 units.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{8Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For cadmium in peanuts, as sold, the reference median was below 30 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 30 to 45 µg/kg across 72 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, peanuts, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (1.4 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (500 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in AFRO (11 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (122 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Targeted peanuts, as sold samples in EURO had cadmium lower at 24 µg/kg, against 47 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In another study, targeted peanuts, as sold samples in EURO had cadmium lower at 16 µg/kg, against 47 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 6 groups of peanuts ranged from 10 µg/kg (peanut shop sample P1, Jigjiga market) to 40 µg/kg (peanut shop sample P5, Jigjiga market); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{10Belew AA, Besha AT, Assege MA, Moges GW · 2024Heavy metals concentration and health risk assessment in peanut and date palm from Jigjiga City Markets, EthiopiaDiscover EnvironmentRead source →} In another study, lead across 5 groups of peanuts ranged from 7 µg/kg (Guangdong Province) to 60 µg/kg (Liaoning Province); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for peanuts

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing peanuts for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 4,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.1 µg/kg (Chen et al. 2022) to 200 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (Hovanec 2004) to 250 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{11Hovanec BM · 2004Arsenic speciation in commercially available peanut butter spread by IC-ICP-MSJournal of Analytical Atomic SpectrometryRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying peanuts

No maximum level for metals in peanuts was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from peanuts

No source in the library converted peanuts concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names peanuts was decided on its content: 27 occurrence extracted, 27 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Peanuts FAQs

What heavy metals are found in peanuts?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ca, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P and Sr in peanuts, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Chen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, Deng L · 2022Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationRSC AdvancesRead source →}^{4Grembecka M, Szefer P · 2013Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in peanuts, as sold from 916 results in 5 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 1.4 to 500 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in peanuts?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, peanuts, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (1.4 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (500 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in AFRO (11 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (122 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in peanuts is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 6 results from 3 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{12Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{13European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →} Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 6 µg/kg (Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012) to 18 µg/kg (European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014).^{12Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{13European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Determination of macro, micro and toxic element concentrations in peanuts from main peanut producing areas of China by ICP-MS: a pilot study on the geographical characterizationChen L, Ding M, Li Z, Li X, and Deng L · RSC Advances · 2022 · doi.org/10.1039/d2ra02148jPeer-reviewed
Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniquesGrembecka M and Szefer P · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:4033-4047 · 2013 · doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2847-yPeer-reviewed
Assessment of natural radioactivity and heavy metal accumulation in selected edible fruit nuts from Lagos and Ogun State markets, NigeriaAlatise OO, Aluko TO, and Okoye OJ · Nigerian Journal of Theoretical and Environmental Physics · 2025 · doi.org/10.62292/njtep.v3i2.2025.93Peer-reviewed
Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyAkçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, and Lemiashonak V · Erwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDF · 2023 · doi.org/10.1007/s10341-022-00815-2Peer-reviewed
Studies on chemical elements and anti-nutrients compositions of three traditional vegetable oils in NigeriaIbanga UI, Fakunle JO, Raji AO, and Sogunle KA · Journal of Agricultural Science and Practice 4(5), 144-150 · 2019 · doi.org/10.31248/jasp2019.155Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Risk assessment of heavy metals concentration in cereals and legumes sold in the Tamale Aboabo market, GhanaAdam AA, Sackey LNA, and Ofori LA · Heliyon 8 (2022) e10162 · 2022 · doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10162Peer-reviewed
Heavy metals concentration and health risk assessment in peanut and date palm from Jigjiga City Markets, EthiopiaBelew AA, Besha AT, Assege MA, and Moges GW · Discover Environment · 2024 · doi.org/10.1007/s44274-024-00151-0Peer-reviewed
Arsenic speciation in commercially available peanut butter spread by IC-ICP-MSHovanec BM · Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry · 2004 · doi.org/10.1039/b402561jPeer-reviewed
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Peanuts Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every peanuts record in the library: 27 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

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Heavy metals in Peanuts

Peanuts overview

What counts as peanuts

Heavy metal contamination profile of peanuts

How metals reach peanuts

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for peanuts

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing peanuts for metals

Buying and verifying peanuts

Exposure from peanuts

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Peanuts FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Referenced by

Graph View

Heavy metals in Peanuts

Peanuts overview

What counts as peanuts

Heavy metal contamination profile of peanuts

How metals reach peanuts

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for peanuts

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing peanuts for metals

Buying and verifying peanuts

Exposure from peanuts

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Peanuts FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View