Adegbola et al. 2015 — Metals in snacks and drinks sold in Ibadan, Nigeria

Adegbola and colleagues measured calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, and cadmium in 34 snack, drink, candy, biscuit, concentrate, and milk-product samples sold in Ibadan, Nigeria. The samples were cold-digested with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The paper reports coded sample IDs rather than public brand names in its tables; this page keeps the occurrence data at the product-group level. Chromium is reported as total Cr only, with no Cr-VI speciation.

Key numbers

Sample-group ranges from Tables 1-4:

Additional source-reported values:

• Sample counts: 12 sweet and milk-sweet brands, 6 biscuit brands, 11 fruit and flavoured concentrate brands, and 5 liquid drink types.
• The abstract states that calcium and iron were present in all samples, while chromium, copper, lead, and cadmium were not detected in some samples.
• The abstract states that calcium had higher concentration than other heavy metals in all samples.
• The discussion states that cadmium concentrations did not exceed 1.5 mg/kg and lead concentrations did not exceed 2.5 mg/kg, citing CAC (2003).
• Table 4 reports one juice/milk-shake lead value as 1.21±1.04 mg/L; this is the highest Pb value printed in the source.

Methods (brief)

The authors collected popular brands of sweets, biscuits, fruit and flavoured concentrates, and liquid drinks sold in Ibadan, Nigeria. Solid samples were ground with a porcelain mortar and pestle; 5 g of each solid sample or 5 mL of each liquid sample was treated with 10 mL concentrated hydrochloric acid and 10 mL nitric acid for 18 hours in a fume cupboard. Digests were filtered, made up to 100 mL with distilled water, and analyzed for calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, and cadmium using a Perkin Elmer A Analyst 200 flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer with an air-acetylene flame. The paper reports total chromium only and does not describe arsenic, mercury, or chromium speciation.

Implications

This source contributes Nigeria-market occurrence evidence for Pb, Cd, total Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ca across multiple snack and beverage categories frequently consumed by children. Its strongest routing value is broad product-surface coverage: biscuits/snack products, fruit-flavoured beverages and concentrates, carbonated drinks, and milk-product beverages. The mixed matrix set should stay grouped by product family during later extraction, and total Cr cannot be used as Cr-VI evidence.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• beverages
• fruit-juice
• milk-and-dairy
• snacks-crackers-biscuits
• category-5-beverages
• fruit-juices-non-apple
• soft-drinks-carbonated-beverages
• milk-and-dairy
• lead
• cadmium
• chromium
• copper
• iron

Verification notes

• PDF text extracted with pdftotext -layout; the extracted text contained the title page, DOI, abstract, methods, Tables 1-4, discussion, conclusion, and references.
• DOI verified from the first page as 10.4314/ijbcs.v9i3.47; DOI, raw-handle, and cite-key checks found no existing source page before creation.
• Table ranges were checked against Tables 1-4. Units are preserved as printed (mg/l in Table 1 and mg/L in Tables 2-4); no unit conversions were performed.
• Speciation: chromium is total Cr only. The source does not report Cr-VI, arsenic, mercury, or methylmercury.
• Brand firewall: the text states that popular brands were sampled, but the tables use coded sample IDs. This page reports product-group ranges only and does not attach public brand names to values.
• Calcium was measured and is included in frontmatter as Ca, but the taxonomy snapshot does not list a metals/calcium page, so no calcium wiki-link is added.
• Frontmatter product and ingredient slugs were checked against docs/gpt-collaboration/taxonomy-snapshot.md; no new product or ingredient slug was invented.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.