Fruit Juices, Non-Apple
This page is HMTc Category 5 row 1 from the locked beverage architecture. It exists as a wiki node so evidence, regulatory context, ingredient routing, and future field findings have a stable place to land.
Who this page is for
Heavy Metal Index pages are written for several audiences at once. Each entry point below names where to start if you are reading this page with a specific question in mind.
- Brand legal and regulatory affairs
- Cherry-pick attack vectors on non-apple juices typically center on lead in grape juice (FDA 2022 draft action level applies to all juices) plus inorganic arsenic in cross-juice context. Source provenance and varietal disclosure are the defensive core. Compare with Fruit Juices Apple Containing for the within-pair sibling. The cited sources at the bottom of this page are the citations list, written to be quoted into a Daubert brief without further editing.
- Retailer quality and compliance
- The Federal / Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings section compares the applicable regulatory cap to cited field evidence on a like-for-like basis, with basis conversion shown when conversion is well-defined and a methodology anchor when speciation differs. The Literature Evidence Summary gives source count and confidence rating per analyte.
- Brand QA and product development
- Use the Lab Result Comparator to position a single lab value inside the cited literature. The comparator positions a single lab value inside the cited literature for non-apple juice, against the FDA 2022 draft lead and iAs caps.
- Regulators, journalists, and adversarial readers
- Every numeric claim on this page traces to a source page. The Evidence Governance note explains what this page is and is not (literature evidence, not HMT&C certification thresholds).
- HMT&C staff (internal)
- The threshold-selection arithmetic (percentile statistics, clean / dirty subcategory designation, CC eligibility) lives on the staff workbench snapshot at fruit-juices-non-apple, not on this public page.
| Field | Status |
|---|---|
| Row state | Locked row node; structured occurrence extraction started |
| Category hub | category-5-beverages |
| Crosswalk hub | regulatory-crosswalk-field-findings |
| HMTc use | Routing and evidence-gap tracking only; not a certification threshold |
Measured Values And Concentration Evidence
FDA TDS food 100 routes to this row as bottled/cartoned grapefruit juice. FDA 2016 routes to this row as grape and grape-containing juice inorganic-arsenic context. These source summaries are useful occurrence context, but neither source is a full non-apple juice distribution. fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020 fda2016-infant-toddler-foods-inorganic-arsenic
| Analyte | Evidence scope | Reported value | Source-use caveat |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lead | TDS 100 grapefruit juice, bottled/cartoned | N=3; all reported concentrations 0 ppb | Small-N single-food route; not an aggregate non-apple juice distribution. |
| Total arsenic | TDS 100 grapefruit juice, bottled/cartoned | N=3; all reported concentrations 0 ppb | Total arsenic only; do not use as inorganic arsenic evidence. |
| Inorganic arsenic | FDA 2016 grape and grape-containing juice category | 58 quantified iAs cells from 61 source rows; quantified-cell p50 11.2 ppb; p90 22.6 ppb; p95 25.6 ppb; max 49.6 ppb | Grape-category bridge context; includes grape blends, apple-grape blends, and one FDA-designated white-grape-peach row; not a full non-apple juice aggregate. |
Federal / Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
This is the fast comparison view for standards developers, regulators, retailers, brands, and legal teams. It shows the applicable federal or regulatory limit next to the current field-evidence state. It is not an HMTc pass/fail table; technical distributions remain in the evidence sections below.
| Metal | Federal / regulatory limit | Actual field finding | Decision read | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lead (Pb) | fda2022-draft-lead-juice: Federal FDA draft level, not final: 20 ug/kg Pb. Scope: other single-strength juices and juice blends. Basis: single-strength ready-to-drink juice. | FDA TDS FY2018-FY2020 grapefruit juice rows provide N=3 bottled/cartoned grapefruit-juice results: Pb was reported as 0 ppb in all three rows; no inorganic-arsenic row is present for grapefruit juice. | Draft context only. Do not present this value as a final federal limit or an HMTc threshold. | fda2022-draft-lead-juice; fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020 |
| lead (Pb) | fda2004-juice-haccp-lead: Federal FDA guidance hazard-control level: 50 ug/kg Pb. Scope: ready-to-drink fruit juices including fruit nectars. Basis: ready-to-drink juice. | FDA TDS FY2018-FY2020 grapefruit juice rows provide N=3 bottled/cartoned grapefruit-juice results: Pb was reported as 0 ppb in all three rows; no inorganic-arsenic row is present for grapefruit juice. | Current older juice guidance context; direct compliance interpretation remains scope-limited. | fda2004-juice-haccp-lead; fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020 |
| lead (Pb) | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels: EU European Commission maximum level: 30 ug/kg Pb. Scope: fruit juices, fruit juices from concentrate, concentrated fruit juices, and fruit nectars other than exclusively from berries and other small fruits. Basis: wet weight or reconstituted juice. | FDA TDS FY2018-FY2020 grapefruit juice rows provide N=3 bottled/cartoned grapefruit-juice results: Pb was reported as 0 ppb in all three rows. | EU maximum level loaded; the TDS grapefruit row is below 30 ug/kg but is a single small-N food route rather than a full non-apple juice distribution. | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels; fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020 |
| arsenic-inorganic (iAs) | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels: EU European Commission maximum level: 20 ug/kg iAs. Scope: fruit juices, concentrated fruit juices as reconstituted, and fruit nectars. Basis: wet weight or reconstituted juice. | FDA 2016 grape-category rows provide 58 quantified iAs cells from 61 grape and grape-containing juice rows: p50 11.2 ppb, p90 22.6 ppb, p95 25.6 ppb, max 49.6 ppb; NS rows are excluded from percentile math. FDA TDS grapefruit rows report total arsenic only and remain separate. | No conversion offered. Regulatory ceiling is on inorganic arsenic; cited occurrence row reports total arsenic. The two are toxicologically and regulatorily distinct. See the page Methodology section for the non-substitutability rule on speciation. | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels; fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020; fda2016-infant-toddler-foods-inorganic-arsenic |
Evidence Handling
Finished-product findings belong on this product page. Ingredient-only findings belong on ingredient pages before they are used for product inference.
Literature Evidence Summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in non-apple fruit juice. Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation; pooling, percentile selection, and threshold math sit in the staff Standards Workbench rather than this public page.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | non-apple (summary-only / supporting context) | median 0 ppb (1 source); highest reported 0 ppb | 0% detected (0/3, Fda 2022, FDA TDS prepared food/composite; reported concentration values retained) | fda2022-draft-lead-juice: 20 ppb (single-strength ready-to-drink juice) | 1 cited | low (1-2 sources) | FDA TDS prepared food/composite; reported concentration values retained |
| iAs | non-apple (summary-only / supporting context) | mean 12.91 ppb (1 source); highest reported 49.6 ppb | 100% detected (58/58, Fda 2016, ready-to-drink-juice-1-ml-1-g) | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels: 20 ppb (wet weight or reconstituted juice) | 1 cited | low (1-2 sources) | ready-to-drink-juice-1-ml-1-g |
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA TDS multi-element dataset (FY2018–FY2020) covering grapefruit juice and other non-apple juice composites; provides Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, and Ni occurrence data for non-apple juice categories in the US diet |
| 2 | FDA 2018. Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018), FDA analytical results table | 2018 | Government dataset | FDA compliance-program Pb dataset for 1,643 juice samples (FY2005–FY2018) including pomegranate and other non-apple juices; highest-reporting pomegranate samples reached 91–115 ppb Pb; primary Pb occurrence source for non-apple juice |
| 3 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, Non-Rice Infant Cereal and Other Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and Toddlers, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | FDA iAs measurement in grape juice and other non-apple juices (n=58 quantified grape samples); primary iAs occurrence source for the non-apple juice row alongside tAs co-measurement |
| 4 | Tarigan et al. 2016. Factors are Affecting Tin Released in Canned Beverages, International Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 330-333 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | B-tier Indonesian study examining factors affecting Sn release in canned beverages; provides mechanistic context for Sn leaching into canned fruit juices relevant to non-apple canned juice categories |
| 5 | Harper et al. 2005. Toxicological Profile for Tin and Tin Compounds, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ATSDR | 2005 | Government report | ATSDR toxicological profile for Sn documenting occurrence data in canned fruit juices and foods; provides regulatory and hazard-characterisation context for Sn in canned non-apple juice formats |
| 6 | Benoy et al. 1971. The Toxicity of Tin in Canned Fruit Juices and Solid Foods, Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, Vol. 9, Issue 5, pp. 645-656 | 1971 | Peer-reviewed | Historical UK study documenting Sn toxicity in canned fruit juices including orange juice and mixed canned products; provides early evidence of Sn leaching as a food-contact hazard mechanism in canned juice matrices |
CC candidate evidence map
| Analyte | Distribution sources (sample-level) | Summary sources | Total source count |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | FDA 2018 (extraction pending), FDA 2022 TDS grapefruit n=3, Weldegebriel 2025 (extraction pending) | FDA 2022 draft cap | 3 distribution + 1 cap |
| Cd | Weldegebriel 2025 (extraction pending) | — | 1 distribution |
| tAs | FDA 2016 grape co-measurement, FDA 2022 TDS grapefruit | — | 2 summary |
| iAs | FDA 2016 grape category (n=58 quantified) + FDA 2022 TDS grapefruit (no iAs row) | EU cap | 1 distribution sample-level + 1 cap |
| Ni | Weldegebriel 2025 (extraction pending) | — | 1 distribution |
| Cr-total | Weldegebriel 2025 (extraction pending) | — | 1 distribution |
| Al, MeHg, tHg, Cr-VI, Sn | data gap | — | 0 |