Fruit Juices, Non-Apple
This page is HMTc Category 5 row 1 from the locked beverage architecture. It exists as a wiki node so evidence, regulatory context, ingredient routing, and future field findings have a stable place to land.
Who this page is for
Heavy Metal Index pages are written for several audiences at once. Each entry point below names where to start if you are reading this page with a specific question in mind.
- Brand legal and regulatory affairs
- Cherry-pick attack vectors on non-apple juices typically center on lead in grape juice (FDA 2022 draft action level applies to all juices) plus inorganic arsenic in cross-juice context. Source provenance and varietal disclosure are the defensive core. Compare with Fruit Juices Apple Containing for the within-pair sibling. The cited sources at the bottom of this page are the citations list, written to be quoted into a Daubert brief without further editing.
- Retailer quality and compliance
- The Federal / Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings section compares the applicable regulatory cap to cited field evidence on a like-for-like basis, with basis conversion shown when conversion is well-defined and a methodology anchor when speciation differs. The Literature Evidence Summary gives source count and confidence rating per analyte.
- Brand QA and product development
- Use the Lab Result Comparator to position a single lab value inside the cited literature. The comparator positions a single lab value inside the cited literature for non-apple juice, against the FDA 2022 draft lead and iAs caps.
- Regulators, journalists, and adversarial readers
- Every numeric claim on this page traces to a source page. The Evidence Governance note explains what this page is and is not (literature evidence, not HMT&C certification thresholds).
- HMT&C staff (internal)
- HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this public page. The Index and HMT&C operate on the same evidence base but apply different publication rules; see the methodology for the separation.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in non-apple fruit juices. The summary tables and inventories below are governed by a fixed set of methodology rules so the evidence is interpretable and auditable.
Speciation is treated as non-substitutable. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) and total arsenic (tAs) are reported separately; the toxicology and regulatory ceilings differ. Total chromium (Cr) is not interpreted as hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) unless the source explicitly speciates Cr-VI.
Basis is preserved and labeled, never silently converted. Concentrations may be reported as wet weight (ready-to-eat), dry weight, or as sold. Each table below labels the source basis explicitly.
Non-detect handling. Where a source reports a value below its LOD or LOQ, this page preserves the source’s reported handling convention.
Source pooling is avoided. Aggregate statistics are not computed by pooling across sources with different LOQs, sampling periods, geographies, and analytical bases.
Row-fit. Sources are classified by how cleanly their reported scope matches this product row. Direct row-fit means the author’s stated scope matches this matrix. Partial or unknown fit means the author uses a broader category.
Evidence tiers. A-tier: peer-reviewed primary studies and government reports. B-tier: NGO reports and trade publications. Synthesis leans on A-tier.
Confidence rating. Low: 1–2 sources. Medium: 3–10 sources. High: more than 10 sources.
HMT&C threshold-setting is separate. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page.
Decision Snapshot
| Field | Status |
|---|---|
| Row state | Locked row node; structured occurrence extraction started |
| Category hub | category-5-beverages |
| Crosswalk hub | regulatory-crosswalk-field-findings |
| HMTc use | Routing and evidence-gap tracking only; not a certification threshold |
Source Evidence Inventory
FDA TDS food 100 routes to this row as bottled/cartoned grapefruit juice. FDA 2016 routes to this row as grape and grape-containing juice inorganic-arsenic context. These source summaries are useful occurrence context, but neither source is a full non-apple juice distribution. fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020 fda2016-infant-toddler-foods-inorganic-arsenic
| Analyte | Evidence scope | Reported value | Source-use caveat |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lead | TDS 100 grapefruit juice, bottled/cartoned | N=3; all reported concentrations 0 ppb | Small-N single-food route; not an aggregate non-apple juice distribution. |
| Total arsenic | TDS 100 grapefruit juice, bottled/cartoned | N=3; all reported concentrations 0 ppb | Total arsenic only; do not use as inorganic arsenic evidence. |
| Inorganic arsenic | FDA 2016 grape and grape-containing juice category | 58 quantified iAs cells from 61 source rows; quantified-cell p50 11.2 ppb; p90 22.6 ppb; p95 25.6 ppb; max 49.6 ppb | Grape-category bridge context; includes grape blends, apple-grape blends, and one FDA-designated white-grape-peach row; not a full non-apple juice aggregate. |
Federal / Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
This is the fast comparison view for standards developers, regulators, retailers, brands, and legal teams. It shows the applicable federal or regulatory limit next to the current field-evidence state. It is not an HMTc pass/fail table; technical distributions remain in the evidence sections below.
| Metal | Federal / regulatory limit | Actual field finding | Decision read | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lead (Pb) | fda2022-draft-lead-juice: Federal FDA draft level, not final: 20 ug/kg Pb. Scope: other single-strength juices and juice blends. Basis: single-strength ready-to-drink juice. | FDA TDS FY2018-FY2020 grapefruit juice rows provide N=3 bottled/cartoned grapefruit-juice results: Pb was reported as 0 ppb in all three rows; no inorganic-arsenic row is present for grapefruit juice. | Draft context only. Do not present this value as a final federal limit or an HMTc threshold. | fda2022-draft-lead-juice; fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020 |
| lead (Pb) | fda2004-juice-haccp-lead: Federal FDA guidance hazard-control level: 50 ug/kg Pb. Scope: ready-to-drink fruit juices including fruit nectars. Basis: ready-to-drink juice. | FDA TDS FY2018-FY2020 grapefruit juice rows provide N=3 bottled/cartoned grapefruit-juice results: Pb was reported as 0 ppb in all three rows; no inorganic-arsenic row is present for grapefruit juice. | Current older juice guidance context; direct compliance interpretation remains scope-limited. | fda2004-juice-haccp-lead; fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020 |
| lead (Pb) | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels: EU European Commission maximum level: 30 ug/kg Pb. Scope: fruit juices, fruit juices from concentrate, concentrated fruit juices, and fruit nectars other than exclusively from berries and other small fruits. Basis: wet weight or reconstituted juice. | FDA TDS FY2018-FY2020 grapefruit juice rows provide N=3 bottled/cartoned grapefruit-juice results: Pb was reported as 0 ppb in all three rows. | EU maximum level loaded; the TDS grapefruit row is below 30 ug/kg but is a single small-N food route rather than a full non-apple juice distribution. | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels; fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020 |
| arsenic-inorganic (iAs) | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels: EU European Commission maximum level: 20 ug/kg iAs. Scope: fruit juices, concentrated fruit juices as reconstituted, and fruit nectars. Basis: wet weight or reconstituted juice. | FDA 2016 grape-category rows provide 58 quantified iAs cells from 61 grape and grape-containing juice rows: p50 11.2 ppb, p90 22.6 ppb, p95 25.6 ppb, max 49.6 ppb; NS rows are excluded from percentile math. FDA TDS grapefruit rows report total arsenic only and remain separate. | No conversion offered. Regulatory ceiling is on inorganic arsenic; cited occurrence row reports total arsenic. The two are toxicologically and regulatorily distinct. See the page Methodology section for the non-substitutability rule on speciation. | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels; fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020; fda2016-infant-toddler-foods-inorganic-arsenic |
Evidence Handling
Finished-product findings belong on this product page. Ingredient-only findings belong on ingredient pages before they are used for product inference.
Literature Evidence Summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in non-apple fruit juice. Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation; pooling, percentile selection, and threshold math sit in the staff Standards Workbench rather than this public page.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | non-apple (summary-only / supporting context) | median 0 ppb (1 source); highest reported 0 ppb | 0% detected (0/3, Fda 2022, FDA TDS prepared food/composite; reported concentration values retained) | fda2022-draft-lead-juice: 20 ppb (single-strength ready-to-drink juice) | 1 cited | low (1-2 sources) | FDA TDS prepared food/composite; reported concentration values retained |
| iAs | non-apple (summary-only / supporting context) | mean 12.91 ppb (1 source); highest reported 49.6 ppb | 100% detected (58/58, Fda 2016, ready-to-drink-juice-1-ml-1-g) | eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels: 20 ppb (wet weight or reconstituted juice) | 1 cited | low (1-2 sources) | ready-to-drink-juice-1-ml-1-g |
Broad Product Context: Author-Scope Index
Generator-managed section: will be populated when the routing audit identifies sources whose author-stated scope is broader than this row.
Levers to reduce contamination
Non-apple fruit juices (grape, prune, pear, mixed fruit) have varying contamination profiles by fruit type. Grape and prune juices are associated with elevated lead and cadmium from soil accumulation; tropical fruit juices may carry arsenic from certain growing regions.
| # | Category | Specific lever | Magnitude | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sourcing | Source grape and prune ingredients from growing regions with documented low soil Pb and Cd. Lead and cadmium in grape juice are driven by vineyard soil contamination; European wine-growing regions vary substantially in soil Pb history. | Quantified magnitude data not yet ingested from cited sources for origin-stratified grape juice data. | — |
| 2 | Agronomic | Soil pH management and amendment at vineyard/orchard level reduces Pb and Cd uptake into fruit. | Quantified magnitude data not yet ingested; section will be expanded when intervention studies are available. | — |
| 3 | Processing | Juice clarification and filtration removes particulate-bound metals; chelation-based clarification agents may further reduce soluble metal content. | Quantified magnitude data not yet ingested from cited sources. | — |
| 4 | Formulation | Avoid disproportionate use of high-Pb/Cd fruit concentrates; blend to reduce per-serving contribution. | Quantified magnitude data not yet ingested; dilution effect expected proportional to concentration fraction. | — |
| 5 | Testing and QC | Lot-level ICP-MS on incoming juice concentrates and finished product. Routine testing is the primary mechanism given the variability in fruit-origin soil chemistry. | Quantified magnitude data not yet ingested for detection-power modeling. | — |
| 6 | Packaging and storage | Not a primary lever for modern glass or PET juice packaging under normal storage conditions. | — | — |
Cross-links: relevant ingredient pages where they exist.
How standards math uses this page
This page documents what the cited sources report. The row-standard percentile in the Heavy Metal Tested and Certified (HMT&C) staff workbench is derived from the aggregate across all contributing sources after basis adjustment and row-fit review — it is not a decoration on any individual source row, and it is not published on this public page.
Citing this page at a single source’s maximum value as if it were a threshold justification misreads the evidence architecture: the maximum observed in one study is not the same as a representative value across the full source pool. HMT&C certification threshold decisions are made separately under the certification program and are not published on this public page.
Historical recalls and enforcement
No row-specific regulatory recall or enforcement action has been added to this page. Future entries will be framed as regulatory events, not as brand rankings, per the wiki’s brand-firewall rule (CLAUDE.md Part 12). Historical regulatory events relevant to this category should be sourced from FDA enforcement databases and framed at the category level.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Barber et al. 2025. Toxic elements in baby and young children’s foods in the US and correlation to ingredients, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs, iAs, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Pb, Tl occurrence in Non-targeted 2023 FDA convenience survey of 566 foods intended for babies, young children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers:… (n=566) |
| 2 | Weldegebriel et al. 2025. Toxic metal contamination and health risk assessment of packaged fruit juices for children in Gondar city, Ethiopia, Scientific Reports 15:36868 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | ET Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni occurrence in Packaged fruit juice samples purchased in Gondar city, Ethiopia; includes tetra pack, glass, carton, and canned products (n=80) |
| 3 | Paudel et al. 2024. Analysis and Detection of Heavy Metals Content in Some Selected Packaged Fruit Juices of Kathmandu City by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 12(3): 158-165 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | NP Pb occurrence in 16 commercially packaged fruit juice samples of 4 flavors (orange, apple, mango, lychee) from 4 popular brands sold… (n=16) |
| 4 | Song et al. 2024. Development of a Fast Method Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Exploration of the Reduction Mechanism of Cr(VI) in Foods, Toxics 12(5): 325 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr-VI, Cr occurrence in Seven commercially purchased food samples from a local supermarket in Nanjing, China — milk powder, rice flour, whole… (n=7) |
| 5 | Jurowski et al. 2023. The Control and Comprehensive Safety Assessment of Heavy Metal Impurities (As, Pb, and Cd) in Green Tea Camellia sinensis (L.) Samples (Infusions) Available in Poland, Biological Trace Element Research | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU tAs, Pb, Cd occurrence in 12 green tea (Camellia sinensis) samples randomly collected from general stores in 5 Polish cities (Gdańsk, Kraków, Rzeszów,… (n=12) |
| 6 | Souza et al. 2022. Determination of the Trace Element Contents of Fruit Juice Samples by ICP OES and ICP-MS, Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | ES/PT Al, tAs, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn occurrence in 21 fruit juice and nectar samples: 16 commercial fruit juices, 2 commercial nectars, 2 laboratory-squeezed orange juices, and… (n=21) |
| 7 | FDA 2022. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical Results, FDA Total Diet Study | 2022 | Government dataset | FDA TDS multi-element dataset (FY2018–FY2020) covering grapefruit juice and other non-apple juice composites; provides Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, and Ni occurrence data for non-apple juice categories in the US diet |
| 8 | Neuwirth et al. 2022. Cereal and Juice, Lead and Arsenic, Our Children at Risk: A Call for the FDA to Re-Evaluate the Allowable Limits of Lead and Arsenic That Children May Ingest, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(10):5788 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | US Pb, tAs occurrence in Opinion/commentary reviewing third-party survey data and federal datasets on Pb and As in baby cereals and juices; no… |
| 9 | Subedi et al. 2022. Determination of heavy metals in varieties of fresh and packaged fruit juices along with powdered fruit drink mixes in Kathmandu Valley, Journal of Balkumari College | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | NP Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb occurrence in Fresh juices, packaged juices, and powdered fruit drink mixes sold in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal |
| 10 | Zmudzinska et al. 2022. Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish Market, Nutrients 14(11):2325 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | PL tAs, Cd, tHg, Pb occurrence in 397 commercial ready-to-eat baby-food products purchased Dec 2020 – Sep 2021 on the Polish market for children aged… (n=397) |
| 11 | U.S. House of Representatives, 2021. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury, Staff Report | 2021 | Gray literature | US iAs, tAs, Pb, Cd, tHg occurrence in Internal company testing records (ingredient pre-shipment tests and finished-product tests) subpoenaed from seven major US baby-food manufacturers covering… |
| 12 | Wang et al. 2020. Contamination and health risk assessment of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and aluminum from a total diet study of Jilin Province, China, Food Science & Nutrition | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, tAs, Cd, Al occurrence in Jilin Province total-diet-study composites across 12 food groups and 48 product groups, with consumption inputs for 7700 residents… |
| 13 | Centre for Food Safety 2019. Guidelines on the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report HK1922, relaying the Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety Guidelines for the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018 (Cap. 132V sub. leg.) | 2019 | Government report | HK Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, MeHg, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, U occurrence in Not a sampling study. Regulatory document setting maximum levels (MLs) for 14 metallic contaminants across food and food… |
| 14 | Balali-Mood et al. 2018. Arsenic and Lead Contaminations in Commercial Fruit Juices of Markets in Mashhad, Iran, Iranian Journal of Toxicology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, tAs occurrence in 50 commercial packaged fruit juice samples from Mashhad, Iran local markets in spring and winter 2016; grape, apple,… (n=50) |
| 15 | FDA 2018. Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018), FDA analytical results table | 2018 | Government dataset | FDA compliance-program Pb dataset for 1,643 juice samples (FY2005–FY2018) including pomegranate and other non-apple juices; highest-reporting pomegranate samples reached 91–115 ppb Pb; primary Pb occurrence source for non-apple juice |
| 16 | Youssao et al. 2018. Levels of Minor and Trace Elements of Some Commercial Fruit Juices and Syrup Produced in Artisanal and Semi-Industrial Units in Benin Republic, International Journal of Chemistry | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BJ/FR Al, tAs, Ba, Be, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sn, Tl, U occurrence in 92 fruit-juice and syrup samples: 85 Benin-produced bottled pineapple juices/cocktails from artisanal and semi-industrial units, 6 French pineapple… (n=92) |
| 17 | Sobhanardakani et al. 2017. Assessment of Contents and Health Risk of Aluminum and Copper through Consumption of Commercial Fruit Juices, Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research | 2017 | Peer-reviewed | IR Al occurrence in 48 commercially packaged fruit juice samples of 4 types (cherry, mango, orange, pineapple) from 4 popular brands, purchased… (n=48) |
| 18 | FDA 2016. Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, Non-Rice Infant Cereal and Other Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and Toddlers, U.S. Food and Drug Administration | 2016 | Government dataset | FDA iAs measurement in grape juice and other non-apple juices (n=58 quantified grape samples); primary iAs occurrence source for the non-apple juice row alongside tAs co-measurement |
| 19 | Tarigan et al. 2016. Factors are Affecting Tin Released in Canned Beverages, International Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 330-333 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | B-tier Indonesian study examining factors affecting Sn release in canned beverages; provides mechanistic context for Sn leaching into canned fruit juices relevant to non-apple canned juice categories |
| 20 | Adegbola et al. 2015. Evaluation of some heavy metal contaminants in biscuits, fruit drinks, concentrates, candy, milk products and carbonated drinks sold in Ibadan, Nigeria, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | NG Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd occurrence in Twelve sweet and milk-sweet brands, six biscuit brands, eleven fruit and flavoured concentrate brands, and five liquid drink… (n=34) |
| 21 | Godwill et al. 2015. Determination of some soft drink constituents and contamination by some heavy metals in Nigeria, Toxicology Reports | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | NG Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Twenty-six soft-drink and juice samples purchased from local grocery stores in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; sample names are… (n=26) |
| 22 | Paula et al. 2015. Effects of Pre- and Post-Harvest Factors on the Selected Elements Contents in Fruit Juices, Czech Journal of Food Sciences | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | PT Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe occurrence in 62 packs of 100% fruit juices acquired randomly from major supermarkets in Portugal; samples covered multiple fruit species,… (n=62) |
| 23 | Savic et al. 2015. The Presence of Minerals in Clear Orange Juices, Advanced Technologies | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | RS Ag, Al, tAs, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn occurrence in Seven clear orange-juice samples with 50% fruit content, produced by different manufacturers and purchased from the local market… (n=7) |
| 24 | Centre for Food Safety 2013. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic Contaminants, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2013 | Government report | HK Al, Sb, Cd, Pb, MeHg, Ni, Sn, V occurrence in Hong Kong general adult population aged 20-84; 150 TDS food items purchased on 4 occasions (March 2010 to… (n=1800) |
| 25 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | HK iAs occurrence in Hong Kong adult population aged 20-84; composite samples from 150 TDS food items collected on four occasions March… (n=600) |
| 26 | Zealand 2012. Survey of total arsenic and inorganic arsenic in apple and pear juice, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) targeted analytical survey, published February 2013 | 2012 | Government report | AU/NZ tAs, iAs occurrence in 96 apple juice samples (48 Australian-purchased, 48 New Zealand-purchased) plus 4 pear juice samples (all Queensland-purchased, Australia); apple… (n=100) |
| 27 | Farid et al. 2010. Levels of Trace Elements in Commercial Fruit Juices in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences | 2010 | Peer-reviewed | SA Cr, Ni occurrence in 129 commercial fruit juice samples (42 apple, 45 orange, 42 mango) of 15 brands purchased from supermarkets in… (n=129) |
| 28 | Maduabuchi et al. 2007. Arsenic and Chromium in Canned and Non-Canned Beverages in Nigeria: A Potential Public Health Concern, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | NG tAs, Cr occurrence in Fifty commonly consumed canned and non-canned beverages purchased in Nigeria in March 2005: 21 canned beverages and 29… (n=50) |
| 29 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 30 | Harper et al. 2005. Toxicological Profile for Tin and Tin Compounds, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | 2005 | Government report | ATSDR toxicological profile for Sn documenting occurrence data in canned fruit juices and foods; provides regulatory and hazard-characterisation context for Sn in canned non-apple juice formats |
| 31 | Blunden et al. 2003. Tin in canned food: a review and understanding of occurrence and effect, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 41, Issue 12, pp. 1651-1662 | 2003 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU/US Sn occurrence in Narrative review of tin-in-canned-food literature commissioned by ITRI Ltd (the International Tin Research Institute) compiling published primary clinical,… |
| 32 | JECFA 1989. Tin — Toxicological monograph prepared by the 33rd meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 24 (Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, prepared by the 33rd meeting of JECFA, March 1988) | 1989 | Government report | international Sn occurrence in Re-examination of published human case-series and controlled-feeding data, 1887-1975 |
| 33 | Benoy et al. 1971. The Toxicity of Tin in Canned Fruit Juices and Solid Foods, Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, Vol. 9, Issue 5, pp. 645-656 | 1971 | Peer-reviewed | Historical UK study documenting Sn toxicity in canned fruit juices including orange juice and mixed canned products; provides early evidence of Sn leaching as a food-contact hazard mechanism in canned juice matrices |
CC candidate evidence map
| Analyte | Distribution sources (sample-level) | Summary sources | Total source count |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | FDA 2018 (extraction pending), FDA 2022 TDS grapefruit n=3, Weldegebriel 2025 (extraction pending) | FDA 2022 draft cap | 3 distribution + 1 cap |
| Cd | Weldegebriel 2025 (extraction pending) | — | 1 distribution |
| tAs | FDA 2016 grape co-measurement, FDA 2022 TDS grapefruit | — | 2 summary |
| iAs | FDA 2016 grape category (n=58 quantified) + FDA 2022 TDS grapefruit (no iAs row) | EU cap | 1 distribution sample-level + 1 cap |
| Ni | Weldegebriel 2025 (extraction pending) | — | 1 distribution |
| Cr-total | Weldegebriel 2025 (extraction pending) | — | 1 distribution |
| Al, MeHg, tHg, Cr-VI, Sn | data gap | — | 0 |
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| b0f3d38 | 2026-06-12 | batch | corpus rescreen b04 old terminal skips |