Heavy metals in Orange juice

Quick read

Orange juice in the HMI library has 340 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and CrVI from 23 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{4Anastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, Mateus L · 2018Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketToxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439Read source →}^{5Mahdi Balali-Mood, Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani, Adeleh Mahdizadeh, Valiallah Moradi, Rana Fazeli-Bakhtiyari · 2018Arsenic and Lead Contaminations in Commercial Fruit Juices of Markets in Mashhad, IranIranian Journal of ToxicologyRead source →}^{6Bora FD, Călugăr A, Bunea CI, Racz I · 2020Determination of Trace and Heavy Metals in Fruit Juices in the Romanian MarketBulletin UASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020, pp. 125-128Read source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury and nickel and others, in 340 results from 23 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{4Anastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, Mateus L · 2018Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketToxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439Read source →}
Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the orange juice was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{4Anastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, Mateus L · 2018Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketToxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{4Anastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, Mateus L · 2018Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketToxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439Read source →}

Orange juice overview

Orange juice in the HMI library has 340 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and CrVI from 23 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{4Anastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, Mateus L · 2018Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketToxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439Read source →}^{5Mahdi Balali-Mood, Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani, Adeleh Mahdizadeh, Valiallah Moradi, Rana Fazeli-Bakhtiyari · 2018Arsenic and Lead Contaminations in Commercial Fruit Juices of Markets in Mashhad, IranIranian Journal of ToxicologyRead source →}^{6Bora FD, Călugăr A, Bunea CI, Racz I · 2020Determination of Trace and Heavy Metals in Fruit Juices in the Romanian MarketBulletin UASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020, pp. 125-128Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in orange juice, juice from 183 results in 4 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 6.6 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, orange juice, juice had a median lead result below 1 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 2 µg/kg (Alzagtat et al. 2016) to 7 µg/kg (Alzagtat et al. 2016).^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →} Alzagtat et al. 2016 reported cadmium at 5 µg/kg (mean ± 3 SD) and total arsenic at 40 µg/kg (mean ± 5 SD) in orange juice, juice from imported nectar, producer code E (sample 15).^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the orange juice came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as orange juice

This page covers orange juice in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: orange juice, juice (335 results) and orange juice, as sold (5 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{4Anastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, Mateus L · 2018Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketToxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439Read source →}^{5Mahdi Balali-Mood, Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani, Adeleh Mahdizadeh, Valiallah Moradi, Rana Fazeli-Bakhtiyari · 2018Arsenic and Lead Contaminations in Commercial Fruit Juices of Markets in Mashhad, IranIranian Journal of ToxicologyRead source →}^{6Bora FD, Călugăr A, Bunea CI, Racz I · 2020Determination of Trace and Heavy Metals in Fruit Juices in the Romanian MarketBulletin UASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020, pp. 125-128Read source →}

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of orange juice

The table holds every extracted orange juice result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 340 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{4Anastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, Mateus L · 2018Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketToxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439Read source →}^{5Mahdi Balali-Mood, Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani, Adeleh Mahdizadeh, Valiallah Moradi, Rana Fazeli-Bakhtiyari · 2018Arsenic and Lead Contaminations in Commercial Fruit Juices of Markets in Mashhad, IranIranian Journal of ToxicologyRead source →}^{6Bora FD, Călugăr A, Bunea CI, Racz I · 2020Determination of Trace and Heavy Metals in Fruit Juices in the Romanian MarketBulletin UASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020, pp. 125-128Read source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

1 row can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 65 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded.

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of orange juice, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

330 of 330 findings · 16 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Orange juice findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

128 findings · 14 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2012	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2016	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2005	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2015	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2013–2014	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2009–2010	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005–2012	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2012	median.
Orange juice, juiceFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code E (sample 15)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code F (sample 16)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code L (sample 17)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code M (sample 18)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code N (sample 19)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code A (sample 13)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code B (sample 14)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 12016	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 22016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 32016	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 42016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	all brands, spring 20162016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	all brands, winter 20162016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand A, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand A, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand B, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand B, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand C, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand C, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand D, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand D, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand E, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand E, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in box, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in plastic bottle, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 1.4 µg/kg (minimum); 14.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange 4, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange1, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange2, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange3, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange5, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand ACollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand BCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand DCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceSubedi et al. 2022	Fresh (freshly squeezed) fruit juiceCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceSubedi et al. 2022	Packaged fruit juiceCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20112005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20122005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20132005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20132005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20142005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20152005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20152005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20162005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20162005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20162005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20162005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20162005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20162005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20172005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20172005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20172005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20172005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20172005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20182005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20182005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20182005–2018	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20182005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20182005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20182005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	FY20182005–2018	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceAl 2010	Beverages, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009Dry weight	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Orange juice, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2001	median.

34 findings · 10 studies
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011–2012	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2006	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2017	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2005	median.
Orange juice, juiceFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code E (sample 15)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code F (sample 16)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code L (sample 17)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code M (sample 18)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code N (sample 19)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code A (sample 13)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code B (sample 14)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 12016	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 22016	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 32016	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 42016	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in box, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in plastic bottle, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange 4, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange1, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange2, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange3, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange5, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Orange juice, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2001	median.

38 findings · 10 studies
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2023	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2011–2012	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2009	median.
Orange juice, juiceFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code E (sample 15)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code F (sample 16)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code L (sample 17)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code M (sample 18)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code N (sample 19)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code A (sample 13)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code B (sample 14)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 12016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 22016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 32016	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 42016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	all brands, spring 20162016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	all brands, winter 20162016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand A, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand A, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand B, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand B, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand C, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand C, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand D, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand D, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand E, spring 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBalali-Mood et al. 2018	retail brand E, winter 20162016	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in box, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in plastic bottle, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceRoberge et al. 2009	lot 1, retail item 1, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceRoberge et al. 2009	lot 1, retail item 2, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Orange juice, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2001	median.

5 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2023	median.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 0.4 µg/kg (minimum); 0.5 µg/kg (maximum)
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Orange juice, juiceEFSA 2021	EU occurrence data (LB)2013–2018Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceEFSA 2021	EU occurrence data (UB)2013–2018Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.

6 findings · 2 studies
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2013	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2012	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2004–2005	median.
Orange juice, juiceFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
1 finding · 1 study
Orange juice, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2001	median.

9 findings · 5 studies
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Orange juice, juiceFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 12016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 22016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 32016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 42016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in box, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in plastic bottle, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceFarid et al. 2010	all samples (15 brands)Collection date unreported	mean.

16 findings · 8 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000	median.
Orange juice, juiceFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 12016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 22016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 32016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 42016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in box, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in plastic bottle, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceFarid et al. 2010	all samples (15 brands)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 0.9 µg/kg (minimum); 31.3 µg/kg (maximum)
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange 4, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange1, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange2, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange3, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange5, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.

7 findings · 2 studies
Orange juice, juiceSobhanardakani et al. 2017	Retail brand 1 of 4Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSobhanardakani et al. 2017	Retail brand 2 of 4Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSobhanardakani et al. 2017	Retail brand 3 of 4Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSobhanardakani et al. 2017	Retail brand 4 of 4Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Orange juice, juiceWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.

11 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Orange juice, juiceWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005	median.
Orange juice, juiceBenoy et al. 1971	Kuwait outbreak batch, rebulked and vacuum-concentratedCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBenoy et al. 1971	maximum achieved by repeated aeration/retortingCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBenoy et al. 1971	metallic tin granules added to 1370 ppm juiceCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceBenoy et al. 1971	tin derived from container by aerated cold-fill and repeatedCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 3.8 µg/kg (minimum); 41.4 µg/kg (maximum)
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange 4, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange1, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange2, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange3, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange5, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Orange juice, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2000	median.

1 finding · 1 study
Orange juice, juiceFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.

2 findings · 1 study
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in box, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in plastic bottle, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.

23 findings · 6 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code E (sample 15)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code F (sample 16)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code L (sample 17)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code M (sample 18)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code N (sample 19)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code A (sample 13)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code B (sample 14)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in box, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in plastic bottle, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 168 µg/kg (minimum); 230 µg/kg (maximum)
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Orange juice, juiceMarín et al. 2018	Non-alcoholic beverages group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange 4, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange1, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange2, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange3, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange5, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	not detected.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand ACollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand BCollection date unreported	not detected.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand DCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceSobhanardakani et al. 2017	Retail brand 1 of 4Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSobhanardakani et al. 2017	Retail brand 2 of 4Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSobhanardakani et al. 2017	Retail brand 3 of 4Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSobhanardakani et al. 2017	Retail brand 4 of 4Collection date unreported	mean.

18 findings · 4 studies
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code E (sample 15)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code F (sample 16)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code L (sample 17)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code M (sample 18)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code N (sample 19)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code A (sample 13)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code B (sample 14)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange 4, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange1, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange2, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange3, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange5, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand ACollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand BCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand DCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceSubedi et al. 2022	Fresh (freshly squeezed) fruit juiceCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSubedi et al. 2022	Packaged fruit juiceCollection date unreported	mean.

6 findings · 2 studies
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 12016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 22016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 32016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAnastácio et al. 2018	retail brand 42016	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSubedi et al. 2022	Fresh (freshly squeezed) fruit juiceCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSubedi et al. 2022	Packaged fruit juiceCollection date unreported	not detected.

20 findings · 5 studies
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code E (sample 15)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code F (sample 16)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code L (sample 17)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code M (sample 18)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	imported nectar, producer code N (sample 19)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code A (sample 13)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceAlzagtat et al. 2016	locally produced nectar, producer code B (sample 14)Collection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in box, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceBora et al. 2020	orange juice packed in plastic bottle, Romanian marketCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange 4, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange1, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange2, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange3, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juiceMohamed et al. 2020	Orange juice sample Orange5, food stores in Sana'a, Yemen2018–2019	mean.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand ACollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand BCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juicePaudel et al. 2024	retail brand DCollection date unreported	sample value.
Orange juice, juiceSubedi et al. 2022	Fresh (freshly squeezed) fruit juiceCollection date unreported	mean.
Orange juice, juiceSubedi et al. 2022	Packaged fruit juiceCollection date unreported	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Orange juice, juiceSong et al. 2024	all samplesCollection date unreported	not detected.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI orange juice Pb reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice Pb reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	0.2–4 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	0.2–4 (bounded)

71 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	45	25%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	25%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	25%
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018	22	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-0020cf6b4a16:3b40255140ac

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice Cd reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice Cd reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

29 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	25	33%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	33%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-f65dddd88a91:ef4fcc046b9c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice tAs reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice tAs reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤7
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤7

13 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	10	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-e78aa7c5ca86:993494653800

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice iAs reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice iAs reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.275	0.117–0.637 (bounded)	0.605–0.66 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.275	0.117–0.637 (bounded)	0.605–0.66 (bounded)

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for orange juice, juice on this basis in the completed orange juice ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-6aa95d20a154:0ee160493b79

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice tHg reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice tHg reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤5
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤5

12 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	9	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-6bcab88344fd:44947dae18ce

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice Ni reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice Ni reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤20	≤20	≤20
Alternative weighting	≤20	≤20	≤20

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for orange juice, juice on this basis in the completed orange juice ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-226c5d6db550:69ddf515afcf

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice Cr reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice Cr reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤25	≤25	≤25
Alternative weighting	≤25	≤25	≤25

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for orange juice, juice on this basis in the completed orange juice ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-fd42e0dcc4b1:e059a9561160

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice Sn reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice Sn reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤60	≤60	≤60
Alternative weighting	≤60	≤60	≤60

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for orange juice, juice on this basis in the completed orange juice ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-ab20e3713750:2a110389b86c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice U reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice U reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for orange juice, juice on this basis in the completed orange juice ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-f561efce4a44:8e8ca5dffd8b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI orange juice CrVI reference · Orange juice, juice

Reference and scope

HMI orange juice CrVI reference · Orange juice, juice. Orange juice, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.1	≤0.1	≤0.1
Alternative weighting	≤0.1	≤0.1	≤0.1

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Song et al. 2024	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for orange juice, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Song et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for orange juice, juice on this basis in the completed orange juice ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Song et al. 2024

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:orange-juice-939fb564339a:f4dbd77732b3

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach orange juice

No study in the library compared orange juice from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in orange juice, juice pools 71 subgroup units from 4 sampling families, with a median of below 1 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 1 (lower quartile) and between 0.2 and 4 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{7U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source →}^{8Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For cadmium in orange juice, juice, the reference median was below 1 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to below 1 µg/kg across 29 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{8Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For total arsenic in orange juice, juice, the reference median was below 1 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to below 7 µg/kg across 13 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

In one study, lead across 22 groups of orange juice ranged from 0.1 µg/kg (FY2017) to 21.7 µg/kg (FY2018); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{7U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source →} In another study, lead across 7 groups of orange juice ranged from 2 µg/kg (imported nectar, producer code F (sample 16)) to 7 µg/kg (locally produced nectar, producer code A (sample 13)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for orange juice

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing orange juice for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 1 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 90 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.7 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 40 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 1 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 40 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying orange juice

No maximum level for metals in orange juice was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from orange juice

No source in the library converted orange juice concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names orange juice was decided on its content: 23 occurrence extracted, 23 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Orange juice FAQs

What heavy metals are found in orange juice?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and CrVI in orange juice, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}^{4Anastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, Mateus L · 2018Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketToxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in orange juice, juice from 183 results in 4 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 6.6 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Which origins or products of orange juice measured lowest?

In one study, lead across 22 groups of orange juice ranged from 0.1 µg/kg (FY2017) to 21.7 µg/kg (FY2018); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{7U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2018Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)FDA analytical results tableRead source →} In another study, lead across 7 groups of orange juice ranged from 2 µg/kg (imported nectar, producer code F (sample 16)) to 7 µg/kg (locally produced nectar, producer code A (sample 13)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{3Alzagtat AA, Eledody RY · 2016Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsTurkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and TechnologyRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in orange juice is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 7 results from 4 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{9Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, Font G, Yusà V · 2018Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →}^{10EFSA, Arcella D, Cascio C, Gómez Ruiz JA · 2021Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenicEFSA JournalRead source →}^{11European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →} Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 1 µg/kg (EFSA 2021) to 10 µg/kg (EFSA 2021).^{10EFSA, Arcella D, Cascio C, Gómez Ruiz JA · 2021Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenicEFSA JournalRead source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Conformity of Fruit Nectar Samples to Libyan Specification StandardsAlzagtat AA and Eledody RY · Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology · 2016 · doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i7.524-530.533Peer-reviewed
Determination of trace metals in fruit juices in the Portuguese marketAnastácio M, Marreilha dos Santos AP, Aschner M, and Mateus L · Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 434-439 · 2018 · doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.03.010Peer-reviewed
Arsenic and Lead Contaminations in Commercial Fruit Juices of Markets in Mashhad, IranMahdi Balali-Mood, Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani, Adeleh Mahdizadeh, Valiallah Moradi, and Rana Fazeli-Bakhtiyari · Iranian Journal of Toxicology · 2018 · doi.org/10.32598/ijt.12.3.517.1Peer-reviewed
Determination of Trace and Heavy Metals in Fruit Juices in the Romanian MarketBora FD, Călugăr A, Bunea CI, and Racz I · Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020, pp. 125-128 · 2020 · doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2020.0022Peer-reviewed
Analytical Results for Lead in Juice Sampled Under the FDA’s Toxic Elements in Food and Foodware, and Radionuclides in Food – Import and Domestic Compliance Program (FY2005-FY2018)U.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA analytical results table · 2018Dataset
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, et al. · Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670 · 2018 · doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.005Peer-reviewed
Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenicEFSA, Arcella D, Cascio C, and Gómez Ruiz JA · EFSA Journal · 2021 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6380Government
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Orange juice Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every orange juice record in the library: 23 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Referenced by

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Food and Drug Administration

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Food Additives

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EFSA

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Heavy metals in Orange juice

Orange juice overview

What counts as orange juice

Heavy metal contamination profile of orange juice

How metals reach orange juice

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for orange juice

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing orange juice for metals

Buying and verifying orange juice

Exposure from orange juice

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Orange juice FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View