Farid and Enani 2010 — Trace elements in commercial fruit juices, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

This study measured Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, and Ni in 129 commercial fruit juice samples (apple, orange, mango) of 15 brands available in supermarkets in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after HNO3/V2O5 wet digestion. No Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Sn, Al, or U were measured. Reported concentrations for Cr (total) and Ni are the only HMT&C-panel-adjacent values; total Cr is not substitutable for Cr-VI. Daily intakes for all seven elements at an assumed Saudi consumption of 10 L/person/year (~27.4 mL/day) were well below RDA or tolerable limits.

Key numbers

Mean concentrations ± SD (ppb = µg/L), n=129 (apple n=42, orange n=45, mango n=42), GFAAS, HNO3/V2O5 wet digestion (Table 1):

Cr values are total Cr (no Cr-VI speciation). No Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Sn, Al, or U measured. Recovery against spiked standards: Cr 94 ± 1%, Cu 96 ± 1%. Reference material: IAEA standard milk A-11, agreement within 7% of certified values. Calibration R² ≥ 0.989 for all seven elements.

Estimated daily intake at 0.0274 L/day (10 L/person/year, the authors’ assumed Saudi fruit-juice consumption) — Table 5:

All EDI values are at least an order of magnitude below the cited reference values. The 10 L/person/year consumption assumption is the authors’ estimate; USA and UK orange-juice consumption were reported in the paper at 20 and 14 L/person/year respectively, so a higher-consumption population would scale these intakes upward proportionally.

Methods (brief)

Instrument: Varian Spectra AA 30P graphite-furnace AAS with deuterium background correction. Sample prep: homogenized 5 mL juice + 1 mL 65% HNO3 (Merck Suprapur) + a few grams of V2O5 (Merck, analytic grade) in a multiplace mineralization block, 120 °C × 90 min, then diluted to 10 mL with double-distilled deionized water (Milli-Q Direct-Q 5, Millipore, France). 10 µL injected per measurement via auto-sampler; each sample re-measured several times and averaged. Standards: AAS standard solutions (Fisher Scientific). Glassware: borosilicate, acid-washed (30% HNO3, 24 h soak). Limitation for HMT&C purposes: the analytical panel covered only essential trace elements plus Cr and Ni; toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Sn) and Al/U were not in the panel.

Implications

Certification: Limited direct relevance because Pb, Cd, iAs, and tHg were not measured. Cr (total) and Ni concentrations (mean across juices 6.6 and 6.0 ppb respectively) provide occurrence data for commercial fruit juices in a Middle Eastern market context. Total Cr is not substitutable for Cr-VI when setting hexavalent-chromium thresholds.

Courses: Useful illustration of essential-vs-toxic metal framing in the same food matrix, and of the difference in public-health significance between nutrient trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe) and contaminant trace elements at comparable ppb scales.

App: No usable Pb, Cd, iAs, or tHg data. Ni present at low single-digit ppb (~5.7–6.2) across all three juice types; Cr present at low single-digit ppb (~5.9–7.6) across all three juice types.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• apple-juice
• orange-juice
• mango-juice
• fruit-juice-not-canned
• fruit-juices-apple-containing
• fruit-juices-non-apple
• chromium
• nickel

Verification notes

2026-05-20 merge-enhance pass against the original PDF:

• Title corrected from “Levels of Trace Elements in Commercial Fruit Juices Consumed in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia” to the actual published title “Levels of Trace Elements in Commercial Fruit Juices in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia” (PDF page 1 banner, no “Consumed”).
• raw_path corrected; the prior value was truncated mid-filename (“Consumed in J.pdf”). The actual file is “Levels of Trace Elements in Commercial Fruit Juices Consumed in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.pdf”.
• products frontmatter: removed invalid slug [[products/fruit-juice]] (no such product page; fruit-juice is an ingredient slug only). Replaced with the two subcategory products fruit-juices-apple-containing and fruit-juices-non-apple, alongside the existing broad-format slug fruit-juice-not-canned. The paper does not specify packaging, but supermarket commercial juices in this market and era are typically tetra-pak/PET/glass rather than canned.
• matrices: added juice-specific entries (apple-juice, orange-juice, mango-juice) alongside the generic fruit-juice matrix tag, matching the convention used by other recent fruit-juice source pages (e.g., desouza2022, balalimood2018).
• Legacy heading ## Wiki pages updated on ingest replaced with the current convention ## Wiki pages this source may touch, and the metal pages [[metals/chromium]] and [[metals/nickel]] added to the section to reflect routing.
• Key numbers section enriched with the Table 5 estimated-daily-intake values for all seven elements across the three juice types, with the cited reference values. Prior version mentioned EDI only qualitatively (“well below RDA/tolerance thresholds”); concrete numbers are now in the page.
• Numerical fidelity check: Table 1 mean ± SD values for all seven elements × three juice types × mean column were re-verified against the PDF (page 2). All 28 cells match the prior page exactly. Sample-size attribution (42/45/42 = 129 across 15 brands) and method details (Varian Spectra AA 30P GFAAS, HNO3/V2O5 wet digestion, IAEA milk A-11 within 7%, Cr/Cu recoveries 94%/96%) all verified against the source.
• Brand firewall (Part 12): the paper references “15 brands” only as an aggregate count; no brand names appear in either the prior page or the source. No firewall action needed.
• Speciation: paper measures total Cr without hexavalent speciation and does not measure Hg or As at all, so metals: [Cr, Ni] is correct (no Cr-VI, no iAs/tAs, no MeHg/tHg).

2026-06-08 byte-identical filesystem-copy enhancement: added a near_duplicates entry recording the Kimi agent’s June 8 placement of the same paper PDF under raw/Manual Fetch Kimi /June 8/Kimi_Agent_Download Corruption Issue/_extracted_01_Fruits_and_Fruit_Products/01_Fruits_and_Fruit_Products/Levels of Trace Elements in Commercial Fruit Juices Consumed in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia.pdf. SHA-256 verified byte-identical to the canonical raw_path (70a29cbe10755eaede9195b69fc188b862ae8d3a1a9261e1859beaecf359681d); the same hash also appears at three other Kimi-corruption-issue paths (May 21, manual-fetch/, and June 8/.../papers/). Manual-fetch loop now recognizes the June 8 _extracted_ location as already-ingested. No claim, value, slug, exposure number, key-numbers, or HMTc-firewall change. No new audit cycle spawned because no body or evidence-bearing frontmatter changed.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.