Oranges in the HMI library has 420 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, arsenic (As), Ba, mercury (Hg), Mo and Tl from 37 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source →5Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Fruits in KoreaKorean Journal of Food Science and Technology 43(2): 230-234 (2011)Read source →6Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source →
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Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury and methylmercury and others, in 420 results from 37 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source →
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Main drivers:
Oranges, as sold from migratable fraction in 0.07 M HCl had Ba higher at 7,900 µg/kg, against 1,200 µg/kg for migratable fraction in 0.07 M HCl in the same study.7Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toysEnvironmental Science & Technology 52(5):3110-3116Read source →
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Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source →
Oranges overview
Oranges in the HMI library has 420 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, As, Ba, Hg, Mo and Tl from 37 sources.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source →5Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Fruits in KoreaKorean Journal of Food Science and Technology 43(2): 230-234 (2011)Read source →6Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in oranges, as sold from 1,964 results in 5 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 10.4 to 880 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → In the US Total Diet Study, oranges, as sold had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 27 composites from 2017–2020.2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →
Across 5 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 1.6 µg/kg (Marín et al. 2018) to 1,100 µg/kg (Guerra et al. 2012).3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →8Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source → For cadmium, 4 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 0.1 µg/kg (Lee et al. 2011) to 60 µg/kg (Guerra et al. 2012).3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →5Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Fruits in KoreaKorean Journal of Food Science and Technology 43(2): 230-234 (2011)Read source → Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Oranges, as sold from migratable fraction in 0.07 M HCl had Ba higher at 7,900 µg/kg, against 1,200 µg/kg for migratable fraction in 0.07 M HCl in the same study.7Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toysEnvironmental Science & Technology 52(5):3110-3116Read source →
For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the oranges came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.
What counts as oranges
This page covers oranges in 5 forms kept separate in every comparison: oranges, as sold (398 results), oranges, juice (7 results), oranges, dried (6 results), oranges, peeled or flesh (6 results) and oranges, cooked (3 results).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source →5Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Fruits in KoreaKorean Journal of Food Science and Technology 43(2): 230-234 (2011)Read source →6Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source → Foods made from oranges that have their own pages, such as orange juice, are covered there.
Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.
Heavy metal contamination profile of oranges
The table holds every extracted oranges result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 420 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source →5Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Fruits in KoreaKorean Journal of Food Science and Technology 43(2): 230-234 (2011)Read source →6Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
62 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 59 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 13 values from 7 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.9Monitoring of Heavy Metal Content in Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Production and Market Sites in the Misurata Area of LibyaISRN Analytical ChemistryRead source →10Analysis of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of the Most Widely Consumed FruitsJournal of Physical ScienceRead source →11A Market Basket Survey of Horticultural Fruits for Arsenic and Trace Metal Contamination in Southeast Nigeria and Potential Health Risk ImplicationsJournal of Health & Pollution Vol. 7, No. 15: 40-50 (September 2017)Read source →12Exposure assessment of heavy metal residues in some Egyptian fruitsToxicology ReportsRead source →13Analysis and exposure assessment of some heavy metals in foodstuffs from Ismailia city, EgyptToxicological & Environmental ChemistryRead source →14Determination and Risk Analysis of Heavy Metals in Different Fruits Collected from Different Shops of Dhaka CityM.S. Thesis, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, DhakaRead source →15Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals from Selected Fruits and Vegetables Sold in Dutse Ultra-Modern Market, Jigawa StateJournal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 10(2):52-55Read source →
Comparison methods and scope
Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of oranges, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.
First displayed analyte: Lead: 90 findings from 30 sources. Each row retains its statistic and measurement basis.
Filter findings
396 of 396 findings · 24 analytes
About this table
| Food form | Collection scope | Finding (µg/kg) | Comparison | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
79 findings · 28 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2006–2016 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2016 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2016–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2004–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2014–2016 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2011–2013 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2012 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2013 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2015 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2000–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2016 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2013–2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | SEARO2015 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | SEARO2012 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2004 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2001–2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2000–2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2013 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT05)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT08)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT20)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | mean.Same samples: 0.5 µg/kg (minimum); 23.7 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2023 | all samples2019 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012 | Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 1.2 µg/kg (minimum); 2 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldSpungen et al. 2024 | all samples2018–2020 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldTrumbull et al. 2017 | Back to School 2015; component OD-3-44-32014–2016 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2012Dry weight | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2015–2017Dry weight | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2015–2017Dry weight | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | SEARO2016Dry weight | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 1 (super shop, Mirpur-10), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 2 (super market, Dhanmondi), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 3 (Prince Bazar, Mirpur-1), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 4 (fruit market, Kawran Bazar), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 5 (Meena Bazar, Shyamoli), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAl 2010 | Fruits, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012 | all samples2010Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMekonnen et al. 2024 | all samples (Bahir Dar open markets)2021Dry weight | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldOrisakwe et al. 2012 | all samples (Ohaji, Umuagwo, Owerri sites)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRahim et al. 2020 | 28 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa fruit marketsCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | AlexandriaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | CairoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | El-FayoumCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | GizaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCantoral et al. 2024 | Fruits (retail, Mexico City)2022–2023Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCzech et al. 2021 | orange, Navelina cultivar, Turkey-origin, peel (P)2019Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCzech et al. 2021 | orange, Navelina cultivar, Turkey-origin, pulp (F)2019Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCzech et al. 2021 | orange, Navelina cultivar, Turkey-origin, whole fruit, peel plus2019Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | animal toy No. 4, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 6, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | pseudo-food toy No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMawari et al. 2022 | Chandrahal farm, Solapur2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldUnaegbu et al. 2016 | Sample D, Egypt (imported, grocery store)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldUnaegbu et al. 2016 | Sample I, Nigeria (local, Ogbete market)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldZhang et al. 2021 | single marketed sample, Shandong2019Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, juiceWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, juiceWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2013 | median. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, driedMahmood et al. 2025 | local markets, AnbarCollection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, peeled or fleshOkeke et al. 2026 | Artificially ripened (calcium carbide)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, peeled or fleshOkeke et al. 2026 | Naturally ripenedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, cookedWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, cookedWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2013 | median. | ||
65 findings · 25 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2013 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2016 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2016 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2004 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2016–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2001–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2006 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2003–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2003–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2004 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010–2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2000–2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT05)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT08)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT20)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | mean.Same samples: 0.0 µg/kg; 0.3 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2023 | all samples2019 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012 | Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldSpungen et al. 2024 | all samples2018–2020 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldTurner 2018 | migratable fraction in 0.07 M HClCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | AFRO2012Dry weight | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2015–2019Dry weight | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2015–2019Dry weight | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 1 (super shop, Mirpur-10), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 2 (super market, Dhanmondi), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 3 (Prince Bazar, Mirpur-1), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 4 (fruit market, Kawran Bazar), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 5 (Meena Bazar, Shyamoli), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012 | all samples2010Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMekonnen et al. 2024 | all samples (Bahir Dar open markets)2021Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldOrisakwe et al. 2012 | all samples (Ohaji, Umuagwo, Owerri sites)Collection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRahim et al. 2020 | 28 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa fruit marketsCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | AlexandriaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | CairoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | El-FayoumCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | GizaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCzech et al. 2021 | orange, Navelina cultivar, Turkey-origin, peel (P)2019Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCzech et al. 2021 | orange, Navelina cultivar, Turkey-origin, pulp (F)2019Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCzech et al. 2021 | orange, Navelina cultivar, Turkey-origin, whole fruit, peel plus2019Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022 | GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | animal toy No. 4, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 6, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | pseudo-food toy No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMawari et al. 2022 | Chandrahal farm, Solapur2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldUnaegbu et al. 2016 | Sample D, Egypt (imported, grocery store)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldUnaegbu et al. 2016 | Sample I, Nigeria (local, Ogbete market)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, juiceWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, cookedWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2014 | median. | ||
29 findings · 10 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2015 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2018–2023 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2001–2023 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2002–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2018 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2009–2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2000–2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | mean.Same samples: 0.5 µg/kg (minimum); 2.7 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2023 | all samples2019 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 1.2 µg/kg (minimum); 2.4 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMawari et al. 2022 | Chandrahal farm, Solapur2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, juiceWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, peeled or fleshOkeke et al. 2026 | Artificially ripened (calcium carbide)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, peeled or fleshOkeke et al. 2026 | Naturally ripenedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
7 findings · 5 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2020–2023 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2013 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010–2022 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 0.6 µg/kg (minimum); 2 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012 | all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 | European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated | mean. | ||
22 findings · 9 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2013 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2011–2015 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2016–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2001–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2016–2017 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | PAHO2007–2018 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2004 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO1980–2019 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2014 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2000–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAl-Sulaiti et al. 2023 | HM (all)2021–2022 | range. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAl-Sulaiti et al. 2023 | HM (imported)2021–2022 | range. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAl-Sulaiti et al. 2023 | HM (local)2021–2022 | range. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | mean.Same samples: 0.1 µg/kg (minimum); 0.4 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2011 | Korean wholesale markets, nationwide, all samplesCollection date unreported | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean.Same samples: 10 µg/kg (minimum); 30 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMawari et al. 2022 | Chandrahal farm, Solapur2017Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldZhang et al. 2021 | single marketed sample, Shandong2019Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, juiceWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2019 | median. | ||
31 findings · 13 studies | ||||
| Oranges, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT05)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT08)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT20)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2023 | all samples2019 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 1 (super shop, Mirpur-10), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 2 (super market, Dhanmondi), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 3 (Prince Bazar, Mirpur-1), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 4 (fruit market, Kawran Bazar), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 5 (Meena Bazar, Shyamoli), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012 | all samples2010Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldOrisakwe et al. 2012 | all samples (Ohaji, Umuagwo, Owerri sites)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRahim et al. 2020 | 28 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa fruit marketsCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | AlexandriaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | CairoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | El-FayoumCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | GizaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldUnaegbu et al. 2016 | Sample D, Egypt (imported, grocery store)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldUnaegbu et al. 2016 | Sample I, Nigeria (local, Ogbete market)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, driedMahmood et al. 2025 | local markets, AnbarCollection date unreportedDry weight | not detected. | ||
44 findings · 16 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Oranges, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT05)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT08)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT20)Collection date unreported | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2023 | all samples2019 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012 | Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007 | non-canned beverage2005 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 3.6 µg/kg (minimum); 118 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldTurner 2018 | migratable fraction in 0.07 M HClCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 1 (super shop, Mirpur-10), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 2 (super market, Dhanmondi), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 3 (Prince Bazar, Mirpur-1), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 4 (fruit market, Kawran Bazar), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 5 (Meena Bazar, Shyamoli), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMekonnen et al. 2024 | all samples (Bahir Dar open markets)2021Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRahim et al. 2020 | 28 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa fruit marketsCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | AlexandriaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | CairoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | El-FayoumCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | GizaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | animal toy No. 4, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 6, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | pseudo-food toy No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, driedMahmood et al. 2025 | local markets, AnbarCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
2 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, peeled or fleshOkeke et al. 2026 | Artificially ripened (calcium carbide)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, peeled or fleshOkeke et al. 2026 | Naturally ripenedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
4 findings · 3 studies | ||||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, juiceWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
6 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldWHO GEMS/Food | WPRO2010–2011 | median. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 1.2 µg/kg (minimum); 17.9 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, juiceWHO GEMS/Food | EURO2007–2008 | median. | ||
9 findings · 5 studies | ||||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2023 | all samples2019 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | animal toy No. 4, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 6, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | pseudo-food toy No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldFDA Total Diet Study | 6 collection regions2017–2020 | median. | ||
13 findings · 5 studies | ||||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGuerra et al. 2012 | CEAGESP wholesale market2009 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 1 (super shop, Mirpur-10), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 2 (super market, Dhanmondi), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 3 (Prince Bazar, Mirpur-1), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 4 (fruit market, Kawran Bazar), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAfrin 2020 | Retail shop 5 (Meena Bazar, Shyamoli), Dhaka2018Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012 | all samples2010Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRahim et al. 2020 | 28 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa fruit marketsCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
20 findings · 9 studies · 4 spread figures folded in | ||||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT05)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT08)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT20)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012 | Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | mean.Same samples: 298 µg/kg (minimum); 393 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMarín et al. 2018 | Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011 | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012 | all samples2010Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean.Same samples: 100 µg/kg (minimum); 120 µg/kg (maximum) | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | min. | ||
| Oranges, as soldEzeonyejiaku et al. 2017 | Eke Awka market, Awka, Anambra StateCollection date unreportedDry weight | max. | ||
| Oranges, as soldMekonnen et al. 2024 | all samples (Bahir Dar open markets)2021Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | AlexandriaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | CairoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | El-FayoumCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldAmer et al. 2019 | GizaCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, driedMahmood et al. 2025 | local markets, AnbarCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldUba et al. 2022 | Dutse Ultra-Modern MarketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, driedMahmood et al. 2025 | local markets, AnbarCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
3 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT05)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT08)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT20)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, driedMahmood et al. 2025 | local markets, AnbarCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
14 findings · 6 studies | ||||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT05)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT08)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldGul et al. 2022 | plastic toy with paint or coating (DPCT20)Collection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012 | Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldElbagermi et al. 2012 | all samples2010Dry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Agboju market (Amuwo Odofin)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | five Lagos markets combinedCollection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Iba market (Ojo)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Iyana-Ipaja market (Alimosho)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldRotimi et al. 2018 | Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)Collection date unreportedDry weight | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldUba et al. 2022 | Dutse Ultra-Modern MarketCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013 | all samples2010–2011Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | animal toy No. 4, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 6, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | pseudo-food toy No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | animal toy No. 4, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 6, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | pseudo-food toy No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
8 findings · 4 studies | ||||
| Oranges, as soldLee et al. 2023 | all samples2019 | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldTurner 2018 | migratable fraction in 0.07 M HClCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldTurner 2018 | migratable fraction in 0.07 M HClCollection date unreported | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | animal toy No. 4, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 6, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | pseudo-food toy No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | mean. | ||
4 findings · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | animal toy No. 4, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | ball No. 6, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldKawamura et al. 2006 | pseudo-food toy No. 1, orangeCollection date unreportedBasis not stated | not detected. | ||
3 findings · 2 studies | ||||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component DT041-c012012 | not detected. | ||
| Oranges, as soldStone 2021 | component FM014-01th percentile2012 | sample value. | ||
| Oranges, as soldTrumbull et al. 2017 | Back to School 2015; component OD-3-44-32014–2016 | sample value. | ||
1 finding · 1 study | ||||
| Oranges, as soldBaxter et al. 2015 | food category composite 15_902014–2015Basis not stated | not detected. | ||
Shared dataset methods and interpretation
Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.
HMI oranges Pb reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Pb reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤4 | 147–200 (bounded) | 1300 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤4 | 147–200 (bounded) | 1300 |
115 reference units; 6 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 84 | 17% |
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 17% |
| Gul et al. 2022 | 1 | 17% |
| Spungen et al. 2024 | 1 | 17% |
| Stone 2021 | 1 | 17% |
| Trumbull et al. 2017 | 1 | 17% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
6 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-b80e8d757e1f:6da94f58edea
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Pb reference · Oranges, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Pb reference · Oranges, as sold, dry weight. Oranges, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 80 | 110 | 220 |
| Alternative weighting | 40–40.5 (bounded) | 100 | 215 |
7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 7 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-ebe1c26ed01e:6a72a3d3b477
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Pb reference · Oranges, juice
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Pb reference · Oranges, juice. Oranges, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤2.5 | 19.4 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤2.5 | 19.4 |
3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 3 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, juice on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-2c31037ad29d:0b6eca979a40
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Pb reference · Oranges, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Pb reference · Oranges, cooked. Oranges, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | 1.25–1.75 (bounded) | 2.5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | 1.25–1.75 (bounded) | 2.5 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, cooked on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-830e7fdab15e:b4bb7f3d8567
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Cd reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Cd reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1.6 | 400 | 500 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤2 | 400 | 500 |
93 reference units; 5 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 61 | 20% |
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 20% |
| Gul et al. 2022 | 3 | 20% |
| Stone 2021 | 1 | 20% |
| Turner 2018 | 1 | 20% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
5 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-e919c973d357:ff5955e88aa2
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Cd reference · Oranges, as sold, dry weight
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Cd reference · Oranges, as sold, dry weight. Oranges, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 |
11 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 11 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-639d16b93a4e:90098c62f15f
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Cd reference · Oranges, juice
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Cd reference · Oranges, juice. Oranges, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.5 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, juice on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-c47421e290e5:c2b498b7e528
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Cd reference · Oranges, cooked
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Cd reference · Oranges, cooked. Oranges, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Alternative weighting | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, cooked on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-3a7053bf3df2:4367ddb1c53a
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges tAs reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges tAs reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤7.35 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤3 | ≤3 | ≤6.7 |
71 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 44 | 50% |
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-44daa6828a60:e04abfb8366c
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges tAs reference · Oranges, juice
Reference and scope
HMI oranges tAs reference · Oranges, juice. Oranges, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤5 | 5.85–8.35 (bounded) | 11.7 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤5 | 5.85–8.35 (bounded) | 11.7 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, juice on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-63e2af26e175:33ba1ab0592a
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges iAs reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges iAs reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤3 | ≤11.5 | ≤20 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤3 | ≤11.5 | ≤20 |
6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 6 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-3995e0020e7d:5fc91910b8d5
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges tHg reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges tHg reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | 0.185–9.85 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | 110–124 (bounded) |
77 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 50 | 50% |
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-c5ecba8135b7:08909474b009
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges tHg reference · Oranges, juice
Reference and scope
HMI oranges tHg reference · Oranges, juice. Oranges, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤5 | ≤5 | ≤5 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, juice on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-92143fa02620:e82dacd2b7ff
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges MeHg reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges MeHg reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 390 | 390 | 390 |
| Alternative weighting | 390 | 390 | 390 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-a249902d9195:8e8d7fefa908
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Ni reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Ni reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤40 | ≤40 | ≤40 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤40 | ≤40 | ≤40 |
27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-d83629d85541:417657524483
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Cr reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Cr reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤50 | 400 | 3650 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤50 | 400 | 3650 |
29 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 33% |
| Stone 2021 | 1 | 33% |
| Turner 2018 | 1 | 33% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-c8b1ecca5494:9ef7498e74fa
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Al reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Al reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤236 | 300–477 (bounded) | 779–838 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤236 | 300–477 (bounded) | 779–838 (bounded) |
4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 4 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-7b4cd3e81dec:953d0f2e9783
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Al reference · Oranges, juice
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Al reference · Oranges, juice. Oranges, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤236 | ≤236 | ≤236 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤236 | ≤236 | ≤236 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, juice on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-f50105e0e697:1502eeda7352
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Sn reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Sn reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤3.26 | 1.63–7.31 (bounded) | 6.7–10 (bounded) |
| Alternative weighting | ≤5.22 | ≤8.72 | 4.98–10 (bounded) |
6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 6 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-5a027da9cb13:e62cdfa4f616
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Sn reference · Oranges, juice
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Sn reference · Oranges, juice. Oranges, juice; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1.5 | 2.1–2.85 (bounded) | 4.2 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1.5 | 2.1–2.85 (bounded) | 4.2 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| WHO GEMS/Food | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, juice on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, juice on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-76a307a4264b:af04cd5a68da
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Sb reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Sb reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 119000 | 144000 | 168000 |
| Alternative weighting | 119000 | 144000 | 168000 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Stone 2021 | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Stone 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-a27ed8c75a35:978d68225336
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges U reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges U reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
| Alternative weighting | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1 |
27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| FDA Total Diet Study | 27 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-de8deccbde40:8d644ac56019
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Co reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Co reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Alternative weighting | 100 | 100 | 100 |
1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Stone 2021 | 1 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Stone 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-6feff1060f37:8a3dc2964bdd
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Cu reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Cu reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 900 | 1950 | 23000 |
| Alternative weighting | 900 | 1950 | 23000 |
4 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Gul et al. 2022 | 3 | 50% |
| Stone 2021 | 1 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-eabc95b8576d:2b3fc597ac9c
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Mn reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Mn reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 900 | 2300 | 1370000 |
| Alternative weighting | 900 | 2300 | 1370000 |
3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Gul et al. 2022 | 3 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Gul et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-9d4bd0d1f648:235a816cc7a6
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Zn reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Zn reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 14000 | 28900 | 42300 |
| Alternative weighting | 14000 | 28900 | 42300 |
5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Gul et al. 2022 | 3 | 50% |
| Stone 2021 | 2 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-f3b70606f0f8:70ec6e0c3bc5
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Ba reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Ba reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 1200 | 4550 | 7900 |
| Alternative weighting | 1200 | 4550 | 7900 |
2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Turner 2018 | 2 | 100% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
Turner 2018 is the only compatible sampling family for oranges, as sold on this basis in the completed oranges ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-6ef5b4712357:21579717563f
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
HMI oranges Mo reference · Oranges, as sold
Reference and scope
HMI oranges Mo reference · Oranges, as sold. Oranges, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.
| Reference (µg/kg) | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary HMI reference | 42600 | 166000 | 289000 |
| Alternative weighting | 42600 | 166000 | 289000 |
2 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.
| Contributing family | Reference units | Weight |
|---|---|---|
| Stone 2021 | 1 | 50% |
| Trumbull et al. 2017 | 1 | 50% |
Methods
HMI pools subgroup medians for oranges, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.
Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.
Limitations
2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.
Admitted source families
Reference version and interpretation
Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.
hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oranges-c37946fa3af8:55696ed445a2
The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.
The source reports only a percentile, range or maximum for these samples, with no mean or median to place against the reference. Spread figures that do have a mean or median are shown on that row instead.
The value could not be reconciled with its own paper, so it is shown but not compared.
The result is below a reporting limit, and the range from zero to that limit crosses more than one band.
The HMI reference for this form has fewer than four units or no measurable spread, below the display minimum.
The result is on a basis (dry weight, or not stated) that no HMI reference for this form uses, so it cannot be placed.
Reporting limits overlap the study comparison, so no direction can be shown.
No findings match these filters. Change the selection or reset to show all source findings.
How metals reach oranges
The evidence on how metals reach oranges comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Oranges, as sold from migratable fraction in 0.07 M HCl had Ba higher at 7,900 µg/kg, against 1,200 µg/kg for migratable fraction in 0.07 M HCl in the same study.7Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toysEnvironmental Science & Technology 52(5):3110-3116Read source →
These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.
Which forms and regions measured lower
The HMI reference for lead in oranges, as sold pools 115 subgroup units from 6 sampling families, with a median of between 147 and 200 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 4 (lower quartile) and 1,300 µg/kg (upper quartile).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source →16Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →17Metals in Children’s and Consumer Products and PackagingWashington State Department of Ecology, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program, Publication 14-04-014 (Revised June 2021)Read source →18Children’s Seasonal Products Report 2014-2015Washington State Department of Ecology, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program, Publication 16-04-029 (January 2017)Read source → For lead in oranges, as sold, the reference median was 110 µg/kg, with a middle half from 80 to 220 µg/kg across 7 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium in oranges, as sold, the reference median was 400 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1.6 to 500 µg/kg across 93 units.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source →7Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toysEnvironmental Science & Technology 52(5):3110-3116Read source →17Metals in Children’s and Consumer Products and PackagingWashington State Department of Ecology, Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program, Publication 14-04-014 (Revised June 2021)Read source →
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, oranges, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (10.4 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (215 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For total arsenic, the lowest regional median was in EURO (0.307 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (22 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For total mercury, the lowest regional median was in WPRO (1.5 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (490 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
In one study, lead across 5 groups of oranges ranged from 20 µg/kg (Retail shop 2 (super market, Dhanmondi), Dhaka) to 60 µg/kg (Retail shop 1 (super shop, Mirpur-10), Dhaka); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.14Determination and Risk Analysis of Heavy Metals in Different Fruits Collected from Different Shops of Dhaka CityM.S. Thesis, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, DhakaRead source → In another study, lead across 5 groups of oranges ranged from 40 µg/kg (Oyingbo market (Lagos Mainland)) to 217 µg/kg (Ketu market (Ikosi/Isheri)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.19Evaluation of Heavy Metals Level and Proximate Analysis of Common Fruits from Selected Markets in Lagos, NigeriaJournal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Vol. 22 (5) 791-795Read source →
Processing, cooking and preparation
No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.
Mitigation for oranges
Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.
No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.
Trade-offs and limits of controls
Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.7Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toysEnvironmental Science & Technology 52(5):3110-3116Read source → Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.
Testing oranges for metals
Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.333 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 4,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.001 µg/kg (Lee et al. 2011) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →5Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Fruits in KoreaKorean Journal of Food Science and Technology 43(2): 230-234 (2011)Read source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.03 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 200 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.
Buying and verifying oranges
No maximum level for metals in oranges was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.
Exposure from oranges
No source in the library converted oranges concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.
Evidence review and remaining gaps
Every source record that names oranges was decided on its content: 37 occurrence extracted, 37 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.
References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.
Oranges FAQs
What heavy metals are found in oranges?
The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, As, Ba, Hg, Mo and Tl in oranges, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthScientia Agricola 69(1):54-60Read source →4Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research; local raw file is the Research Square version 1 preprintRead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in oranges, as sold from 1,964 results in 5 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 10.4 to 880 µg/kg.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
How do heavy metals get into oranges?
In the studies available, oranges from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than oranges from the same study’s control.7Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toysEnvironmental Science & Technology 52(5):3110-3116Read source → Oranges, as sold from migratable fraction in 0.07 M HCl had Ba higher at 7,900 µg/kg, against 1,200 µg/kg for migratable fraction in 0.07 M HCl in the same study.7Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toysEnvironmental Science & Technology 52(5):3110-3116Read source →
Which regions report the lowest levels in oranges?
Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, oranges, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (10.4 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (215 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For total arsenic, the lowest regional median was in EURO (0.307 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (22 µg/kg).1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →
How much of the arsenic in oranges is inorganic?
Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 9 results from 5 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.1GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →8Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →20Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →21The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →22Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source → Marín et al. 2018 reported inorganic arsenic at 0.8 µg/kg (mean) in oranges, as sold from Vegetables and fruits group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-2011.8Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →
References
Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.
- GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsDataset
- FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsDataset
- Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human healthPeer-reviewed
- Contamination by Hazardous Elements in Low-Priced Children’s Plastic Toys Bought on the Local Markets of Karachi, PakistanPeer-reviewed
- Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Fruits in KoreaPeer-reviewed
- Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaPeer-reviewed
- Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toysPeer-reviewed
- Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Peer-reviewed
- Monitoring of Heavy Metal Content in Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Production and Market Sites in the Misurata Area of LibyaPeer-reviewed
- Analysis of Toxic Heavy Metal Content of the Most Widely Consumed FruitsPeer-reviewed
- A Market Basket Survey of Horticultural Fruits for Arsenic and Trace Metal Contamination in Southeast Nigeria and Potential Health Risk ImplicationsPeer-reviewed
- Exposure assessment of heavy metal residues in some Egyptian fruitsPeer-reviewed
- Analysis and exposure assessment of some heavy metals in foodstuffs from Ismailia city, EgyptPeer-reviewed
- Determination and Risk Analysis of Heavy Metals in Different Fruits Collected from Different Shops of Dhaka CityPeer-reviewed
- Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals from Selected Fruits and Vegetables Sold in Dutse Ultra-Modern Market, Jigawa StatePeer-reviewed
- Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Peer-reviewed
- Metals in Children’s and Consumer Products and PackagingRegulation
- Children’s Seasonal Products Report 2014-2015Regulation
- Evaluation of Heavy Metals Level and Proximate Analysis of Common Fruits from Selected Markets in Lagos, NigeriaPeer-reviewed
- Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodGovernment
- The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicGovernment
- Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationGovernment
Sources
Browse Oranges Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.
Update history
22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every oranges record in the library: 37 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.