Overview
Gül and Kul measured heavy metals in 18 oil sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed samples drawn from six locations across the Middle Black Sea Region of northern Turkey (Havza, Vezirköprü, Bafra in Samsun; Merzifon in Amasya; Turhal in Tokat; and Çorum). The source is directly routeable to sunflower seeds and provides range values for Cd, Pb, Ni, Al, Cu, and Zn. Units in the abstract are reported as µg/kg and should be checked against the source’s figures before conversion.
Key numbers
- n=18 sunflower seed samples from six regions.
- Cd ranged 0-0.06 ug/kg and Pb ranged 0-1.07 ug/kg.
- Fe ranged 13.14-61.04 ug/kg, Zn 34.11-54.12 ug/kg, Cu 15.68-20.7 ug/kg, and Mn 12.72-20.20 ug/kg.
- B ranged 4.82-10.33 ug/kg, Al 0-13.12 ug/kg, Ni 0.88-7.74 ug/kg, and Co 0.037-0.12 ug/kg.
Methods (brief)
0.2 g of each seed sample was microwave-digested in 9 mL HNO3 (65%) plus 1 mL H2O2 (30%) at 200 °C in an Ethos Easy (Milestone) advanced microwave digestion system, cooled, filtered through 0.45 µm PTFE filters, and analyzed in triplicate by ICP-MS for B, Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. Cr was not measured; no speciation (Cr-VI, iAs, MeHg) was performed.
Implications
Certification: Turkey sunflower-seed occurrence evidence with regional sampling. Courses: example of low reported Cd/Pb ranges and unit-verification need. App: supports sunflower-seed context after basis confirmation.
Related evidence
Update history
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