Chromium, Hexavalent: citations and reported findings from the source records associated with this metal profile. These records include measurements and context; inclusion does not establish that every source reports a food concentration.
Chromium, Hexavalent summary, limits and key findings
Showing source records 1 to 74 of 74.
Sources
Source records associated with this topic. Inclusion does not establish that every finding applies to this product or ingredient. References on the metal profile identify works cited in its text.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on the metal profile for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ghimire 2026. MOF-Derived Carbon Composites from Jacaranda Seed Pods for Selective Removal of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)], MSc thesis, Materials Science and Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus; May 2026 | 2026 | Thesis | NP Cr-VI, Co occurrence in Four adsorbent materials tested with synthetic aqueousCrVI; independentreplicateN not reported; nofoodsamples. |
| 2 | Ioniță et al. 2026. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Heavy Metal Stress in Mining-Impacted Environments, Plants | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | Cd, Pb, tAs, Ni, Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Narrative synthesis review; no primary measurements. |
| 3 | Alblooshi 2025. The impact of perfumes and cosmetic products on human health: a narrative review, Frontiers in Toxicology 7:1646075 (Frontiers in Toxicology; published 29 August 2025; corrected 16 December 2025) | 2025 | Review | US/EU/CA Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, Ni, Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Single-author narrative review compiling peer-reviewed literature published 2005–2025 on health impacts of perfumes and cosmetic products. Sources drawn… |
| 4 | Cwielag-Drabek et al. 2025. Heavy Metal Content in Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Inks and European Standards-Is There Still a Health Risk?, Toxics | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | EU Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Cu, iAs, Co, Sb, Se, Mn, tHg occurrence in Commercial tattoo inks, permanent makeup inks, and dual-use inks purchased in the European Union in 2022-2023 (n=41) |
| 5 | Hardy 2025. Substances in tattoo inks and permanent make-up: restriction decision, UK REACH restriction decision report, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs | 2025 | Government report | GB Ni, Cr-VI occurrence in UK REACH regulatory decision for tattoo inks and permanent make-up, drawing on the Health and Safety Executive Agency… |
| 6 | Ibikunle et al. 2025. Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated synthetic groundwater via functionalized carbon nanomaterials modified with zinc and potassium, Scientific Reports 15:33823 | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | NG Cr-VI occurrence in Synthetic-water laboratory experiments; duplicate analytical readings in supplement, independent trial N unresolved |
| 7 | Jităreanu et al. 2025. An Overview of Heavy Metals in Cosmetic Products and Their Toxicological Impact, Applied Sciences 15: 12883 | 2025 | Review | EU/US/CA Pb, Cd, tHg, tAs, iAs, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co occurrence in Narrative review of heavy-metal contamination in cosmetics; literature 1990 - November 2025 retrieved via PubMed, Web of Science,… |
| 8 | National Health and Medical 2025. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6 2011 Version 4.0 Updated June 2025, National Water Quality Management Strategy | 2025 | Government report | AU Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr-VI, Pb, tHg, Ni concentrations |
| 9 | Yang et al. 2025. The Strategies Microalgae Adopt to Counteract the Toxic Effect of Heavy Metals, Microorganisms | 2025 | Review | CN Cr, Cr-VI, Cd, tAs, Ni, Cu, tHg, Pb, Zn occurrence in Narrative review of microalgal heavy-metal removal strategies. No primary sampling, no PRISMA, no quantitative synthesis. Authors at Sichuan… |
| 10 | Aishwarya et al. 2024. Role of Extremophiles in the Removal of Heavy Metal and E-Waste, Trends in Biotechnology of Polyextremophiles (Shah MP, Dey S, eds.), Springer Nature, Chapter 15, pp. 361-371 | 2024 | Review | Pb, Cd, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Cu, tHg, tAs, Zn occurrence in Narrative book-chapter review of extremophile microbiology in heavy-metal bioremediation and e-waste remediation. No primary sampling, no PRISMA, no… |
| 11 | Board 2024. California SWRCB DDW-21-003 Hexavalent Chromium MCL regulation text, SWRCB-DDW-21-003 regulation text | 2024 | Government report | US-CA Al, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr-VI, Cr-total, tHg, Ni concentrations |
| 12 | EPA 2024. IRIS Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] (CASRN 18540-29-9), EPA/635/R-24/164Fa, Integrated Risk Information System, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC | 2024 | Government report | US Cr-VI, Cr concentrations |
| 13 | EPA 2024. EPA’s Safer Choice and Design for the Environment (DfE) Standard (August 2024), U.S. EPA Safer Choice Program, Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics (federal program standard document; first issued June 2009 as the DfE Standard for Safer Products; revised April 2011, September 2012, February 2015 as EPA’s Safer Choice Standard; current August 2024 revision) | 2024 | Government guidance | US Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr-VI occurrence in Not applicable: federal program standard document. The 36-page Standard body (plus four annexes A-D giving sample partnership-agreement templates)… |
| 14 | Ewubare et al. 2024. An Academic Review on Heavy Metals in the Environment: Effects on Soil, Plants Human Health, and Possible Solutions, American Journal of Environmental Economics 3(1) 70-81 | 2024 | Review | NG Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Cr, Cr-VI, tAs, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Sb, Tl, Mo occurrence in Narrative review article; no primary samples. Synthesizes literature retrieved from Google Scholar, Frontier in Microbiology, AJOL, Scopus, Web… |
| 15 | Luo et al. 2024. Peptides Used for Heavy Metal Remediation: A Promising Approach, International Journal of Molecular Sciences | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, tAs occurrence in Narrative review; no primary measurements. |
| 16 | Association 2024. OEKO-TEX® Limit values: New regulations 2024, OEKO-TEX® Service GmbH customer information notice, 09 January 2024, Zurich, Switzerland. Updates applicable test criteria, limit values, and requirements for the OEKO-TEX® STANDARD 100, ORGANIC COTTON, LEATHER STANDARD, ECO PASSPORT, and STeP certification labels; new values binding from 01 April 2024 after a three-month transition period. | 2024 | Industry | INT/EU/CH Pb, Cd, tAs, Sb, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, tHg occurrence in Not a primary-measurement study. The notice publishes the OEKO-TEX Association’s updated 2024 limit values for the STANDARD 100,… |
| 17 | Si et al. 2024. Research progress in the detection of trace heavy metal ions in food samples, Frontiers in Chemistry | 2024 | Review | CN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Fe occurrence in Mini-review of nanomaterial-based analytical methods for trace heavy-metal detection in food samples; covers electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence sensing… |
| 18 | Song et al. 2024. Development of a Fast Method Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Exploration of the Reduction Mechanism of Cr(VI) in Foods, Toxics 12(5): 325 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr-VI, Cr occurrence in Seven commercially purchased food samples from a local supermarket in Nanjing, China — milk powder, rice flour, whole… (n=7) |
| 19 | California State Water Resources Control Board 2024. California Hexavalent Chromium Drinking-Water Maximum Contaminant Level Regulation (SWRCB-DDW-21-003), California State Water Resources Control Board | 2024 | Regulation | US-CA Cr-VI occurrence in Regulatory instrument. California Code of Regulations Title 22 maximum contaminant level for hexavalent chromium, applicable to all community… |
| 20 | Yang et al. 2024. Metallothionein: A Comprehensive Review of Its Classification, Structure, Biological Functions, and Applications, Antioxidants | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | Cd, Pb, iAs, Cr-VI, Ni, tHg occurrence in Narrative review; no primary measurements. |
| 21 | ATSDR 2023. Exposure Dose Guidance for Soil/Sediment Dermal Absorption (Version 3), ATSDR / U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Public Health Service | 2023 | Government report | US As, Cd, Pb, Hg, MeHg, Ni, Cr, Cr-VI, Sb, Ba, Cu, Mn, Se, Ag, Tl, V, Zn, Be occurrence in Regulatory exposure-assessment guidance; no original sampling. Default ABSd and adherence-factor values from EPA RAGS Part E (2004); skin-surface… |
| 22 | CIRS – C&K Testing (Hangzhou C&K Testing Technic Co. 2023. REACH ANNEX XVII — Restrictions on the Manufacture, Placing on the Market and Use of Certain Dangerous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, CIRS – C&K Testing (Hangzhou C&K Testing Technic Co., Ltd), Hangzhou, China; downloadable consolidated reproduction of Annex XVII to EU REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006; document header states ‘Last update: 2023-07-17’. 64 pages, two-column ‘Column 1 (substance or group) / Column 2 (conditions of restriction)’ tabular layout reproducing entries 1 through 77. | 2023 | Industry | EU Pb, Cd, tHg, iHg, Cr-VI, Ni, tAs, Sn occurrence in Not a primary-measurement study. The document is a third-party reproduction of Annex XVII to EU REACH Regulation (EC)… |
| 23 | Deka et al. 2023. Monitoring Strategies for Heavy Metals in Foods and Beverages: Limitations for Human Health Risks, IntechOpen (Heavy Metals – Recent Advances) | 2023 | Book chapter | IN Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, tAs, Ni, Al, Sb, Mn, Fe, Co, Ba, Be occurrence in Narrative review chapter; no primary samples. Surveys analytical and remediation literature for heavy metals across foods and beverages… |
| 24 | ECHA 2023. Investigation report to support the Commission on the preparation of a restriction proposal for the use and presence of CMR 1A or 1B substances in childcare articles based on REACH Article 68(2), European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Helsinki, Finland. Investigation report version 2.0 (Final), 31 October 2023, prepared at the request of the European Commission under REACH Article 68(2). | 2023 | Regulatory agency report | EU Pb, Cd, Cr-VI, Co, tAs, tHg, Sn, Li, V occurrence in Not a primary-measurement study. The report aggregates 1,559 entries reporting measurements of CMR 1A or 1B substances in… |
| 25 | Gautam 2023. Health Risk Assessment: Heavy Metals (Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, and Nickel) in Tattoo Ink (Intra-Dermal Contact), Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR) client report FW23035, prepared for Manatu Hauora/Te Whatu Ora | 2023 | Government report | NZ/EU/US Ba, Pb, Ni, Cr-VI, tHg, Cd, Sb, tAs occurrence in Agency health-risk assessment using maximum tattoo-ink metal concentrations selected from the 2012 New Zealand Ministry of Health survey… (n=169) |
| 26 | He et al. 2023. In Situ Growth of Ti3C2/UiO-66-NH2 Composites for Photoreduction of Cr(VI), Catalysts | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr-VI, Cr, Ti occurrence in Six photocatalyst conditions tested against synthetic potassium dichromate solution: Ti3C2, UiO-66-NH2, and Ti3C2/UiO-66-NH2 composites containing 5, 10, 15,… (n=6) |
| 27 | Hu et al. 2023. One-Pot Fabrication of 2D/2D CdIn2S4/In2S3 Heterojunction for Boosting Photocatalytic Cr(VI) Reduction, Catalysts | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr-VI, Cr, Cd occurrence in Five photocatalyst conditions tested against synthetic aqueous Cr(VI): CdIn2S4 (CIS), In2S3 (IS), 0.25 CISI, 0.5 CISI, and 0.75… (n=5) |
| 28 | Meng et al. 2023. The innovative and accurate detection of heavy metals in foods: A critical review on electrochemical sensors, Food Control | 2023 | Review | CN/WHO Pb, Cd, iAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, Zn, Ag occurrence in Critical review of the electrochemical-sensor literature (through ~2022) for heavy-metal detection in food matrices. |
| 29 | Nazari et al. 2023. Impacts of Heavy Metals in Seed Crops and Oil Seed on Human Health: A Threat to Food Safety — Review, Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 15(2), 106-124 | 2023 | Review | global/EU/IR Pb, Cd, iAs, tAs, tHg, MeHg, Ni, Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Narrative literature review of published studies on heavy metal occurrence in oilseeds (sunflower, pumpkin, sesame, rape, mustard, linseed,… |
| 30 | New York State Department 2023. Toxic Chemicals in Children’s Products Program: Chemicals and Practical Quantitation Limits Under Consideration (Draft Update, Feb. 2023), NY DEC Toxic Chemicals in Children’s Products Program — stakeholder draft for public comment | 2023 | Regulation | US-NY Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr, Cr-VI, Pb, tHg, MeHg, Ni occurrence in Draft regulatory chemical list — proposes Chemicals of Concern (COCs) and High Priority Chemicals (HPCs) plus practical quantitation… |
| 31 | Shi et al. 2023. Effect of External Aeration on Cr (VI) Reduction in the Leersia hexandra Swartz Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell System, Applied Sciences | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr, Cr-VI, Cr-III occurrence in Five lab-scale up-flow Leersia hexandra constructed-wetland microbial-fuel-cell reactors treating synthetic Cr(VI) wastewater at five cathode dissolved-oxygen conditions (3.0,… (n=5) |
| 32 | Vasilachi et al. 2023. Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils, Agriculture | 2023 | Review | Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al, tHg, MeHg occurrence in Narrative literature review synthesising prior studies on cereal crops (wheat, rice, maize, barley, rye, oats, millet) grown in… |
| 33 | Yang et al. 2023. Asymmetric Alternative Current Electrochemical Method Coupled with Amidoxime-Functionalized Carbon Felt Electrode for Fast and Efficient Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Wastewater, Nanomaterials | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr-VI, Cr occurrence in One amidoxime-functionalized commercial carbon-felt electrode tested against prepared Cr(VI) wastewater solutions in batch adsorption and asymmetric-AC flow-through electrochemical… (n=1) |
| 34 | California Department of Justice, 2022. People of the State of California v. McWane, Inc. (dba AB&I) — Complaint for Injunctive Relief and Civil Penalties (Prop 65 hexavalent chromium air emissions, AB&I Foundry, East Oakland), Superior Court of California, County of Alameda (filed 15 February 2022 by Attorney General Rob Bonta; Supervising Deputy Attorney General Christie Vosburg; Deputy Attorney General Erin Ganahl) | 2022 | Regulatory | US-CA Cr-VI occurrence in Not a primary sampling study. The complaint is a civil enforcement pleading filed by the California Attorney General’s… |
| 35 | Office of the Attorney 2022. Complaint for Injunctive Relief and Civil Penalties — People of the State of California v. McWane, Inc. (AB&I Foundry), Superior Court of California, County of Alameda (filed 15 February 2022) | 2022 | Legal filing | US-CA Cr-VI concentrations |
| 36 | Ma et al. 2022. Application of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Chromium-Resistant Bacteria Reduced Chromium Toxicity in Sunflower Plants, Frontiers in Plant Science | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Pot experiment: sunflower grown in chromium-contaminated soil (0, 25, 50 mg/kg) treated with cerium dioxide nanoparticles and Staphylococcus… |
| 37 | Riyazuddin et al. 2022. A Comprehensive Review on the Heavy Metal Toxicity and Sequestration in Plants, Biomolecules | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | Cd, Pb, tAs, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al occurrence in Narrative review; no primary measurements. |
| 38 | Saha et al. 2022. Special Issue: Hexavalent Chromium: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation, Chemistry Africa5:1779–1780 | 2022 | Editorial | SN/CI Cr, Cr-VI, Pb, Sn occurrence in Editorial summary of eight articles; no independent sample cohort |
| 39 | Sacchi et al. 2021. Natural Background Levels of Potentially Toxic Elements in Groundwater from a Former Asbestos Mine in Serpentinite (Balangero, North Italy), Water | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | IT/EU Cr, Cr-VI, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn occurrence in Thirty groundwater monitoring stations (29 retained after pre-selection) sampling four hydrogeological formations around the former Balangero chrysotile asbestos… (n=30) |
| 40 | Saraiva et al. 2021. Speciation analysis of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in bread and breakfast cereals using species-specific isotope dilution and HPLC-ICP-MS, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | FR/DK/EU Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Selection of bread and breakfast cereal samples analysed at Anses (France) and Technical University of Denmark; exact n… |
| 41 | Saraiva et al. 2021. Chromium speciation analysis in raw and cooked milk and meat samples by species-specific isotope dilution and HPLC-ICP-MS, Food Additives & Contaminants Part A 38(2):304-314 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | Cr-VI concentrations in milk and dairy (n=30) by ICP-MS |
| 42 | Saraiva et al. 2021. Development and validation of a single run method based on species specific isotope dilution and HPLC-ICP-MS for simultaneous species interconversion correction and speciation analysis of Cr(III)/Cr(VI) in meat and dairy products, Talanta 222 (2021) 121538 | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | FR/DK Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Three composite food matrices acquired from retail shops in Maisons-Alfort, France for method validation: baby milk (500 mL… (n=3) |
| 43 | Villarreal et al. 2021. Ensuring toy safety from hexavalent chromium to meet European regulations using IC-ICPMS quantification, Thermo Fisher Scientific Application Brief AB000383, EMEA Customer Solution Center, Paris, France | 2021 | Industry | EU Cr-VI occurrence in Three method-validation samples drawn from toy materials in EN 71-3:2019 categories II (liquid or sticky materials) and III… (n=3) |
| 44 | EU 2020. Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/2081 amending REACH Annex XVII as regards substances in tattoo inks or permanent make-up, Official Journal of the European Union | 2020 | Government report | EU tHg, Ni, Sb, tAs, Cd, Cr-VI, Pb concentrations |
| 45 | Green Seal 2020. GS-51: Green Seal Standard for Laundry Care Products for Industrial and Institutional Use, Edition 1.6, Green Seal, Inc. voluntary environmental certification standard; Edition 1.6 issued April 8, 2020, replacing Edition 1.5 from September 12, 2019, with corrections/clarifications last made July 30, 2021. | 2020 | Regulatory standard | US Pb, tHg, Cd, Cr-VI, tAs, Co, Mn, Ni occurrence in Not applicable: this is the binding text of Green Seal GS-51 Edition 1.6 for industrial and institutional laundry… |
| 46 | New York State Department 2020. Cleansing Product Information Disclosure Program — Recommended Best Management Practices, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NY DEC) — undated post-court-ruling Recommended Best Management Practices (BMP) document supporting the statutory household-cleansing-product disclosure requirement at 6 NYCRR Part 659.6 (authorised by Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) Article 35). The predecessor Program Policy on Household Cleansing Product Information Disclosure was declared null and void by the NYS Supreme Court (Household & Commercial Products Association v. Seggos, ruling issued August 2020); DEC maintains the present BMP document as recommended practice while moving forward to implement the underlying statute and regulation. Document text references EPA’s pre-MCL drinking-water values for 1,4-dioxane (350 ppt) and PFOA/PFOS (70 ppt combined), consistent with pre-July-2020 publication of the BMP framework prior to NY DOH’s August 2020 adoption of stricter state MCLs for those chemicals. | 2020 | Government guidance | US-NY Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr-VI, Ni occurrence in Not applicable: post-2020 court-ruling Recommended Best Management Practices (BMP) guidance document. The 22-page document (sections A. Form of… |
| 47 | Parliament et al. 2019. Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 - EU fertilising products, Official Journal of the European Union | 2019 | Government report | EU Cd, Cr-VI, tHg, Ni, Pb, iAs, tAs concentrations |
| 48 | Hernandez et al. 2019. Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in milk, dairy and cereal products and dietary exposure assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants Part B: Surveillance | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | Cr-VI dietary exposure estimates in cheese |
| 49 | Bureau of Toxic Substance 2019. Technical Support Document for Derivation of Health-Based Guidance Values for Metals in Spices, New York State Department of Health | 2019 | Government report | US iAs, Cd, Cr-VI, Pb occurrence in Methodology document; no direct food-sampling data; uses FCID 2005-10 consumption data for children (0 to <7 years) and… |
| 50 | EU 2018. Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/1513 - REACH CMR restrictions in textiles, Official Journal of the European Union | 2018 | Government report | EU Cd, Cr-VI, tAs, Pb concentrations |
| 51 | Ren et al. 2018. One-Step and Nondestructive Reduction of Cr(VI) in Pork by High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation, Journal of Food Science | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | CN Cr-VI, Cr occurrence in Laboratory experiment using lean, fat, and marbled pork purchased from a market in Hefei, China; pork tissues (2… |
| 52 | Piccinini et al. 2016. Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up. Final report, JRC Science for Policy report EUR 27947 EN, JRC101601; prepared for DG JUST under Administrative Arrangement N. 2014-33617 | 2016 | Government report | EU/CH/DE tAs, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cr-VI, Cu, tHg, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb, Sn, Zn occurrence in JRC synthesis of RAPEX notifications and national tattoo/permanent-make-up ink surveillance: 126 RAPEX alerts for tattoo/PMU inks through 2015… |
| 53 | Suvarapu et al. 2016. Determination of heavy metals in the ambient atmosphere: A review, Toxicology and Industrial Health 33(1): 79–96 | 2016 | Review | CN/IN/KR Pb, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Cr, Cr-VI, tAs, Ni, Al, Cu, Zn, Mn, V, Co occurrence in Narrative review of approximately 70 quality research papers on heavy metal determination in ambient air (TSPM, PM10, PM2.5)… |
| 54 | Caterbow et al. 2016. Women and Chemicals: The impact of hazardous chemicals on women — A thought starter based on an experts’ workshop, Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF) / Women International for a Common Future (WICF), in cooperation with UNEP (Geneva expert workshop 2014; publication completed mid-2015; ©2016 WECF) | 2016 | NGO report | global/EU/CN Pb, tHg, tAs, Cd, Cr-VI occurrence in Not applicable — scoping / policy review document, not a measurement study. The single embedded quantitative dataset reported… |
| 55 | Directorate 2015. Quality of Natural Health Products Guide, Health Canada, Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate, Version 3.1, May 1, 2015 | 2015 | Government report | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 56 | EFSA 2014. Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of chromium in food and drinking water, EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3595 | 2014 | Government report | EU Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Analytical results submitted to EFSA on chromium in food (27,074) and drinking water (52,735) reported by EU Member… (n=79809) |
| 57 | EU 2014. Commission Regulation (EU) No 301/2014 of 25 March 2014 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 as regards chromium VI compounds, Official Journal of the European Union L 90/1 | 2014 | Government report | EU Cr-VI concentrations |
| 58 | Stasinos et al. 2014. The Bioaccumulation and Physiological Effects of Heavy Metals in Carrots, Onions, and Potatoes and Dietary Implications for Cr and Ni: A Review, Journal of Food Science | 2014 | Review | GR/LV/US Pb, Cd, tAs, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al, tHg, MeHg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co occurrence in Narrative review compiling open-field and greenhouse studies of heavy-metal bioaccumulation in three root and tuber vegetables (Daucus carota,… |
| 59 | Stefaniak et al. 2014. Dissolution of the metal sensitizers Ni, Be, Cr in artificial sweat to improve estimates of dermal bioaccessibility, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 16: 341-351 | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | US Ni, Be, Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Triplicate samples of three metal-sensitizer powders (beryllium metal, nickel metal, chromium carbide Cr3C2) extracted in artificial sweat (pH… (n=9) |
| 60 | EC 2013. Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC — An Explanatory Guidance Document (Rev 1.7), European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General, Single Market for Goods; Rev 1.7, 13/12/2013 | 2013 | Government report | EU Al, Sb, tAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cr-VI, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Ni, Se, Sr, Sn occurrence in Regulatory guidance document interpreting EU Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC, including the 19-element migration-limit table at Annex II Part… |
| 61 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. Safety Issues of Baby Bottles and Children’s Tableware (Risk Assessment Studies Report No. 47), Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Risk Assessment Studies Report No. 47, January 2012 | 2012 | Government report | HK/EU/US Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Cr-VI, Al occurrence in Narrative literature review; no original measurements. The review summarises secondary toxicology and migration evidence from FAO/WHO, EFSA, USFDA,… |
| 62 | Johnson et al. 2012. Status Report: Review of Metals in the Toy Safety Standard, ASTM F 963, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Status Report, Directorate for Health Sciences, 14 March 2012; bundles Versar/SRC final contractor report Contract CPSC-D-06-0006 Task Order 008 dated 16 July 2010 | 2012 | Regulatory | US/EU Sb, iAs, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cr-VI, Pb, iHg, Se occurrence in Regulatory status report, not a sampling study. The bundled Versar/SRC literature review covered ~13,000 references identified between 2000… |
| 63 | General Administration of Quality 2012. GB 28480-2012 饰品 有害元素限量的规定, National Standard of the People’s Republic of China | 2012 | Government report | CN Ni, tAs, Cr-VI, tHg, Pb, Cd, Sb, Cr-total concentrations |
| 64 | UL 2012. Chemicals in Children’s Toys: Addressing Stricter Limits and Environmental Concerns, UL LLC White Paper (UL Environment), 8 pp. | 2012 | Industry | US/EU Pb, Cd, tHg, Cr, Cr-VI, Ni, Al, Sb occurrence in No primary contamination measurements. UL LLC marketing white paper introducing UL 172, the voluntary UL Standard for Sustainability… |
| 65 | EU 2011. Directive 2011/65/EU on restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment - consolidated version of 1 March 2023, Official Journal of the European Union / EUR-Lex consolidated text | 2011 | Government report | EU Pb, tHg, Cd, Cr-VI concentrations |
| 66 | Mahmud et al. 2011. Estimation of Chromium (VI) in various body parts of Local Chicken, Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan | 2011 | Peer-reviewed | PK Cr-VI occurrence in Local chicken parts (meat: sternum, leg, arm, gizzard, neck, heart, liver; bones: chest cage, neck, leg, head, arm)… |
| 67 | EU Scientific Committee on 2010. Evaluation of the Migration Limits for Chemical Elements in Toys (SCHER Opinion), European Commission DG Health & Consumers; SCHER Opinion adopted 1 July 2010 | 2010 | Government report | EU tAs, Cd, Cr-VI, Pb, tHg, Sn occurrence in Regulatory opinion evaluating EU Toys Safety Directive 2009/48/EC migration limits for 19 chemical elements |
| 68 | Khalid et al. 2008. LABORATORY SCALE ELECTROKINETIC REMEDIATION OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL, The Nucleus 45(1–2):55–61 | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | PK Cr, Cr-VI, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Fe, V occurrence in Nilore, Islamabad soil and one spiked-soil electrokinetic laboratory trial |
| 69 | OEHHA 2008. Chromium (Hexavalent Compounds) — California Proposition 65 Chemical Listing, California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Proposition 65 Listings | 2008 | Regulation | US-CA Cr-VI occurrence in Regulatory instrument. California Proposition 65 chemical listing for chromium (hexavalent compounds), with associated safe-harbor levels; applies to consumer… |
| 70 | Basketter et al. 2001. Investigation of the threshold for allergic reactivity to chromium, Contact Dermatitis, 2001, 44, 70-74 | 2001 | Peer-reviewed | Contribution to this topic remains under review; see the source record for its reported scope. |
| 71 | OEHHA 2000. Appendix F - Dermal Uptake of Chemicals from Soil (Technical Support Document for Exposure Assessment and Stochastic Analysis), Cal/EPA OEHHA Air Toxics Hot Spots Program - Technical Support Document for Exposure Assessment and Stochastic Analysis | 2000 | Government report | US tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Ni, Cr-VI, Be occurrence in Regulatory guidance; per-chemical dermal absorption fraction (ABS) point estimates derived from review of in-vivo and in-vitro percutaneous-absorption studies… |
| 72 | Soares et al. 2000. Selective Determination of Chromium (VI) in Powdered Milk Infant Formulas by Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Ion Exchange, Journal of AOAC International 83(1):220-223 | 2000 | Peer-reviewed | Cr-VI concentrations in infant formula (n=20) |
| 73 | European Chemical Industry Ecology 1992. Nickel, Cobalt and Chromium in Consumer Products: Allergic Contact Dermatitis, ECETOC Technical Report No. 45, Brussels, March 1992 (ISSN 0773-8072-45) | 1992 | Industry | EU/US/IL Ni, Co, Cr, Cr-VI occurrence in Literature-review compilation of nickel, cobalt and chromium concentrations measured in consumer products by 28 published studies (1956-1990) and… |
| 74 | IARC 1990. Chromium, Nickel and Welding, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 49 | 1990 | Government report | INTL Cr, Cr-VI, Ni occurrence in International scientific working group; review of global occupational, environmental, dietary, and experimental data for Cr, Ni, and welding… |