Provisional scaffold. This page was created automatically on 2026-05-30 so that an ingested source could route to it. The HMTc taxonomy row, clean/contaminated pairing, primary metals of concern, and detailed scope have not yet been locked. Content below is minimal until a synthesis pass or taxonomy review consolidates the literature for this product class.
Reason: HMTc Cat 7 row 11 taxonomy destination existed in products/index.md but had no page; rollup of canned-tomatoes/fruit/vegetables/tomato-paste/sauce. Created during fan-out repair 2026-05-30.
Literature scope
The literature corpus for this product class is currently thin. Sources route here as ingest proceeds; once enough sources accumulate, the synthesis pass will populate the Literature Evidence Summary, Source Evidence Inventory, and downstream sections.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The "Used on this page for" column is populated by the orchestrator's POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ye et al. 2026. Occurrence of Tin in Foods and Dietary Exposure Assessment in Zhejiang Province, China, Foods | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CN Sn occurrence in 2014 food samples from Zhejiang Province, China, collected 2018–2019 using multistage stratified random sampling: fresh vegetables (n=673), tea… (n=2014) |
| 2 | Ali et al. 2025. Carbon Dots Fluorometric Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Aluminum and Cobalt in Canned Foods | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | Al occurrence in Canned tomato sauce and canned tuna used as food validation matrices; Co is not an HMT&C analyte |
| 3 | Alsabagh 2025. Assessment of heavy metal and nitrate contamination in canned products from local markets in Baghdad, Alnakhla Journal of Science | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IQ Pb, Cd, Co, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu occurrence in Canned products from local markets in Baghdad, Iraq |
| 4 | Chahinez et al. 2025. Evaluation of trace element contents in canned tomato paste and canned pineapple marketed in Algeria, Research Square preprint | 2025 | Preprint | DZ Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb occurrence in Canned tomato paste and canned pineapple marketed in Algiers, Algeria (n=52) |
| 5 | Mititelu et al. 2025. Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety, Toxics | 2025 | Review | EU/US/RO Pb, Cd, tAs, iAs, tHg, MeHg, Ni, Cr, Sn occurrence in Narrative review; no primary sample collection. Synthesizes published literature and regulatory data across multiple countries. |
| 6 | Shavali-gilani et al. 2025. Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, olives, and pickled cucumbers, Scientific Reports | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | IR Cd, Cu, tAs, Fe, Pb, Sn, Zn, tHg occurrence in 49 canned samples (tomato paste, olives, pickled cucumbers) from five popular brands in Tehran, Iran (n=49) |
| 7 | Yamanaka 2025. Corrosion Behavior of the Inner Surface of Unlacquered Tinplate Cans for Fruit Use, Materials Transactions | 2025 | Peer-reviewed | JP Sn, Fe occurrence in Commercially available pineapple cans with unlacquered tinplate interiors subjected to accelerated storage at 43 C; three cans were… (n=15) |
| 8 | Kangre 2024. Heavy metal migration, exposure, and health risk through canned tomato mix under different marketing display models, MPhil Thesis, University of Education Winneba, Ghana | 2024 | Thesis | GH Pb, Sn occurrence in 32 cans of canned tomato mix (single brand) from the Effutu Municipality (Winneba), Ghana: 16 from sunlight-exposed shops,… (n=32) |
| 9 | Sadhya et al. 2023. Regulation in India of Heavy Metals in Food Items: A Critical Analysis, Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies | 2023 | Review | IN Pb, Cu, tAs, Sn, Cd, tHg, MeHg, Cr, Ni, Se, Sb, Ba, Co, Fe, Li, Mn, Zn occurrence in Legal review of the Indian regulatory framework governing heavy metals in food and food packaging. No primary measurements… |
| 10 | Mania et al. 2021. The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessment, Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene) | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Sn occurrence in Approximately 600 samples of fresh, frozen, dried fruits, fruit preserves and canned fruits collected throughout Poland in 2015… (n=600) |
| 11 | Rusin et al. 2021. Concentration of cadmium and lead in vegetables and fruits, Scientific Reports | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PL Cd, Pb occurrence in 370 samples drawn from the Polish retail market and analysed under Polish State Sanitary Inspection (n=292 by the… (n=370) |
| 12 | EL et al. 2020. Aluminum exposure from food in the population of Lebanon, Toxicology Reports | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | LB Al occurrence in Ninety-seven food items collected May–September 2018 from the Beirut retail market (105 sampled; 8 discarded for turbidity), comprising… (n=97) |
| 13 | Grochowska-Niedworok et al. 2020. Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato products, Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene) | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | PL/EU Pb, Cd occurrence in Fresh and processed tomato products purchased in Polish retail and local markets; variety includes conventional, organic, multiple varieties,… (n=25) |
| 14 | Uroko et al. 2020. Quantification of Heavy Metals in Canned Tomato Paste Sold in Ubani-Umuahia, Nigeria, Journal of Bio-Science | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | NG Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Cr, Cd, Mn, Zn occurrence in Ten coded canned tomato-paste products purchased from Ubani-Umuahia market, Nigeria. (n=10) |
| 15 | Centre for Food Safety 2019. Guidelines on the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report HK1922, relaying the Hong Kong Centre for Food Safety Guidelines for the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018 (Cap. 132V sub. leg.) | 2019 | Government report | HK Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, MeHg, tHg, Ni, Se, Sn, U occurrence in Not a sampling study. Regulatory document setting maximum levels (MLs) for 14 metallic contaminants across food and food… |
| 16 | Al et al. 2018. Environmental exposure assessment of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in different Palestinian canned foods, Agriculture & Food Security 7:50 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PS Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn occurrence in 16 canned food samples (4 brand-product combinations each of beans, chickpeas, corn, mushroom) purchased from a single supermarket… (n=16) |
| 17 | Muniz et al. 2018. Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packaging, Food Science and Technology | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BR tAs, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Sb, Sn occurrence in 20 retail tomato sauce samples in 4 packaging types (plastic, metallic/canned, cellulosic, glass), 2 brands, Rio de Janeiro… (n=20) |
| 18 | Hobbie et al. 2014. Stainless Steel Leaches Nickel and Chromium into Foods During Cooking, Society of Toxicology 2014 Annual Meeting (poster) | 2014 | Conference proceedings | US Ni, Cr occurrence in Laboratory-controlled cooking trials using three NIST stainless-steel reference materials (NIST 121d and 123c, both grade-304 equivalents; NIST 160b,… |
| 19 | Buculei et al. 2012. Study regarding the tin and iron migration from metallic cans into foodstuff during storage, Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies, 18(4), 299-303 | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | RO Sn, Fe occurrence in Four canned product types (peas, tomato paste, pork in own juice, pork liver pate) packed in three-piece tinplate… (n=4) |
| 20 | Centre for Food Safety 2012. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic, Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | 2012 | Government report | HK iAs occurrence in Hong Kong adult population aged 20-84; composite samples from 150 TDS food items collected on four occasions March… (n=600) |
| 21 | Trandafir et al. 2012. Determination of Tin in Canned Foods by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies | 2012 | Peer-reviewed | RO/EU Sn occurrence in 14 canned food products (4 pineapple brands, mandarin oranges, fruit cocktail, small whole carrots, mushrooms, 2 peeled-tomato-in-juice brands,… (n=14) |
| 22 | Committee on Toxicity of 2008. COT Statement on the 2006 UK Total Diet Study of Metals and Other Elements, Committee on Toxicity statement | 2008 | Government report | GB Al, Sb, tAs, iAs, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, tHg, Mo, Ni, Se, Sn, Tl, Zn occurrence in 2006 UK Total Diet Study: 119 food categories combined into 20 prepared-as-consumed food groups for metals and other… (n=20) |
| 23 | David et al. 2008. The heavy metals analyses in canned tomato paste, Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies | 2008 | Peer-reviewed | RO/IT Pb, Cd, Sn, Al, Cr, Fe, Zn, tAs occurrence in Five commercial canned tomato paste and tomato sauce products sampled from the Romanian retail market in 2008: three… (n=5) |
| 24 | JECFA 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants — Sixty-fourth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series 930 (Sixty-fourth meeting of JECFA, Rome, 8-17 February 2005) | 2006 | Government report | international Cd, Sn occurrence in Cadmium: raw or aggregated occurrence data submitted to GEMS/Food by Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, USA,… |
| 25 | EFSA 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission related to the tolerable upper intake level of tin, EFSA Journal | 2005 | Regulatory opinion | EU/GB/FR Sn occurrence in EFSA opinion summarising dietary tin occurrence/intake literature, including UK 1997 Total Diet Study food-group means and French lacquered/unlacquered… |
| 26 | Blunden et al. 2003. Tin in canned food: a review and understanding of occurrence and effect, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 41, Issue 12, pp. 1651-1662 | 2003 | Peer-reviewed | UK/EU/US Sn occurrence in Narrative review of tin-in-canned-food literature commissioned by ITRI Ltd (the International Tin Research Institute) compiling published primary clinical,… |
| 27 | JECFA 1989. Tin — Toxicological monograph prepared by the 33rd meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Food Additives Series, No. 24 (Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, prepared by the 33rd meeting of JECFA, March 1988) | 1989 | Government report | international Sn occurrence in Re-examination of published human case-series and controlled-feeding data, 1887-1975 |
Who this page is for
Pending. The brand-legal, retailer-compliance, HMTc-internal, and regulator audiences are listed; this section will frame what each is looking for on this page.
Methodology
Pending. This section will state the speciation, basis-preservation, row-fit, and pooling rules that govern downstream sections of this page.
Literature Evidence Summary
Literature Evidence Summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in Canned Foods, General. Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation. This page publishes literature evidence only, not certification thresholds.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sn | Canned Foods, General (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | 250000 ppb | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
Source Evidence Inventory
Hand-curated section. Populated by the synthesis pass as sources contribute.
Broad Product Context: Author-Scope Index
Broad Product Context: Author-Scope Index
The sources below are catalogued as product-context candidates for this row. The “Author-scope row-fit” column states what the authors actually resolved on each axis: matrix (cow milk-based, soy-based, rice-based, non-rice, or unresolved) and format (powder, ready-to-feed liquid, concentrated liquid, dry, or unresolved). A source counts toward this row’s evidence pool only once; rows marked “Cross-reference” already appear as direct evidence elsewhere on this page and are not counted again here.
| Source | Title | Source scope | Metals | Author-scope row-fit | Canonical appearance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon Dots Fluorometric Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of Aluminum and Cobalt in Canned Foods | Carbon Dots Fluorometric Sensor for Simultaneous Detection of… | tomato-sauce; canned-fish | Al | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Assessment of heavy metal and nitrate contamination in canned products from local markets in Baghdad | Assessment of heavy metal and nitrate contamination in canned… | canned-fruit | Pb; Cd; Co; Mn; Fe; Zn; Cu | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Environmental exposure assessment of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in different Palestinian canned foods | Environmental exposure assessment of cadmium, lead, copper an… | canned-vegetables; legumes-pulses-other | Cd; Pb; Cu; Zn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Evaluation of trace element contents in canned tomato paste and canned pineapple marketed in Algeria | Evaluation of trace element contents in canned tomato paste a… | tomato-paste; canned-tomatoes; canned-vegetables | Fe; Zn; Cu; Cd; Pb | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Study regarding the tin and iron migration from metallic cans into foodstuff during storage | Study regarding the tin and iron migration from metallic cans… | canned-vegetables; tomato-paste; canned-tomatoes; processed-meats | Sn; Fe | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic | The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic Arsenic | seafood; condiments-general; fruit-juices-non-apple; tomato-paste | iAs | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Guidelines on the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) (Amendment) Regulation 2018 | Guidelines on the Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination)… | fish-marine-predatory; fish-marine-non-predatory; fish-freshwater; shellfish | Sb; tAs; iAs; Ba; B; Cd; Cr; Cu; Pb; Mn; MeHg; tHg; Ni; Se; Sn; U | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| COT Statement on the 2006 UK Total Diet Study of Metals and Other Elements | COT Statement on the 2006 UK Total Diet Study of Metals and O… | bread-and-baked-goods; breakfast-cereals; other-grain-products; fresh-fish | Al; Sb; tAs; iAs; Ba; Cd; Cr; Cu; Pb; Mn; tHg; Mo; Ni; Se; Sn; Tl; Zn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| The heavy metals analyses in canned tomato paste | The heavy metals analyses in canned tomato paste | canned-tomatoes; tomato-paste; tomato-sauce | Pb; Cd; Sn; Al; Cr; Fe; Zn; tAs | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission related to the tolerable upper intake level of tin | Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutriti… | canned-vegetables; canned-fruit; canned-tomatoes; food-packaging-cans-lids | Sn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Aluminum exposure from food in the population of Lebanon | Aluminum exposure from food in the population of Lebanon | soft-drinks-carbonated-beverages; tea; condiments-general; canned-vegetables | Al | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato products | Assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato… | canned-tomatoes; tomato-paste; tomato-sauce; vegetable-juices-non-root | Pb; Cd | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Stainless Steel Leaches Nickel and Chromium into Foods During Cooking | Stainless Steel Leaches Nickel and Chromium into Foods During… | cookware-metal-alloy; tomato-sauce | Ni; Cr | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Heavy metal migration, exposure, and health risk through canned tomato mix under different marketing display models | Heavy metal migration, exposure, and health risk through cann… | tomato-paste; canned-tomatoes | Pb; Sn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessment | The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fru… | fresh-fruit; canned-fruit; dried-fruit | Pb; Cd; tAs; tHg; Sn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for Human Health and Environmental Safety | Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Food: Implications for… | infant-and-child-foods-master; baby-cereals-dry-rice-based; fresh-fish; canned-fish | Pb; Cd; tAs; iAs; tHg; MeHg; Ni; Cr; Sn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different types of packaging | Evaluation of metals in tomato sauces stored in different typ… | tomato-sauce | tAs; Cd; Pb; Cr; Ni; Sb; Sn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Concentration of cadmium and lead in vegetables and fruits | Concentration of cadmium and lead in vegetables and fruits | fresh-fruit; dried-fruit; canned-fruit; fruit-juice-not-canned | Cd; Pb | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Regulation in India of Heavy Metals in Food Items: A Critical Analysis | Regulation in India of Heavy Metals in Food Items: A Critical… | canned-fish; canned-vegetables; canned-fruit; mineral-water | Pb; Cu; tAs; Sn; Cd; tHg; MeHg; Cr; Ni; Se; Sb; Ba; Co; Fe; Li; Mn; Zn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, olives, and pickled cucumbers | Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, o… | canned-vegetables; canned-tomato-paste; canned-olives; pickled-vegetables | Pb; Cd; tHg; Sn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, olives, and pickled cucumbers | Investigation of heavy metal levels in canned tomato paste, o… | canned-tomatoes; canned-vegetables | Cd; Cu; tAs; Fe; Pb; Sn; Zn; tHg | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Determination of Tin in Canned Foods by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry | Determination of Tin in Canned Foods by Inductively Coupled P… | canned-vegetables; canned-fruit; canned-tomatoes; canned-fish | Sn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Quantification of Heavy Metals in Canned Tomato Paste Sold in Ubani-Umuahia, Nigeria | Quantification of Heavy Metals in Canned Tomato Paste Sold in… | tomato-paste | Pb; Ni; Cu; Co; Fe; Cr; Cd; Mn; Zn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Corrosion Behavior of the Inner Surface of Unlacquered Tinplate Cans for Fruit Use | Corrosion Behavior of the Inner Surface of Unlacquered Tinpla… | canned-fruit; food-packaging-cans-lids | Sn; Fe | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
| Occurrence of Tin in Foods and Dietary Exposure Assessment in Zhejiang Province, China | Occurrence of Tin in Foods and Dietary Exposure Assessment in… | canned-vegetables; canned-fruit; canned-fish; tea | Sn | Matrix axis: unresolved. Format axis: unresolved. Source is broader than this row; authors do not narrow to this exact matrix/format pair. | (context only) |
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Pending: regenerated by tools/apply-product-crosswalk-sections.mjs once applicable_regulations are identified and field-finding evidence is pooled.
Levers to reduce contamination
Pending synthesis. Practical interventions to reduce heavy-metal load — ordered by impact magnitude across sourcing, agronomic, processing, formulation, testing-QC, and packaging-storage levers — will be populated from contributing ingredient pages’ Mitigation options sections and the relevant mitigation/ pages. The Levers section is the brand-legal-actionable surface of this page.
How standards math uses this page
This page reports what the peer-reviewed and government literature says about heavy-metal concentrations in this product category; it publishes no certification thresholds of its own. Certification criteria are set separately under the Heavy Metal Tested & Certified program at heavymetalcertified.com, which reads this page as its literature baseline. The two are kept apart by design, so this page remains an independent record of the evidence rather than a justification for any threshold.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Pending synthesis. Public-record regulatory events for this product category will be summarized here as the synthesis pass identifies them. Recalls are framed as regulatory events, not brand rankings.
Update history
This page has no substantive edit history yet. Future revisions will be recorded here once the change lands in git.