Heavy Metal Index
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Rolled oats, oatmeal, granola, oat rings and bran cereal with raisins illustrating oat ingredient context.

Heavy metals in Oat

Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and total mercury in oat: monitoring results, studies, references by form and basis, limits, testing and controls.

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Oat in the HMI library has 407 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ca, mercury (Hg), Mg, Na and P from 25 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Inna V. Begday, Tamara A. Tsesar, Konstantin V. Kharin · 2026Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysisIzvestiya KGTU (KSTU News)Read source →4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source →5Sonya Good, Chukwunonso Anakwue, Tuan Phan · 2026Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milksScientific ReportsRead source →6Marques M, Correig E, Capdevila E, Gargallo E, Gonzalez N, Nadal M, Domingo JL · 2021Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based DrinksBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →

Oat overview

Oat in the HMI library has 407 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ca, Hg, Mg, Na and P from 25 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Inna V. Begday, Tamara A. Tsesar, Konstantin V. Kharin · 2026Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysisIzvestiya KGTU (KSTU News)Read source →4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source →5Sonya Good, Chukwunonso Anakwue, Tuan Phan · 2026Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milksScientific ReportsRead source →6Marques M, Correig E, Capdevila E, Gargallo E, Gonzalez N, Nadal M, Domingo JL · 2021Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based DrinksBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in oat, as sold from 1,272 results in 3 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 10 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, GEMS/Food gave subgroup medians from 6.9 to 100 µg/kg from 1,704 results.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Across 3 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 11.2 µg/kg (Begday et al. 2026) to 170 µg/kg (Caridi et al. 2021).3Inna V. Begday, Tamara A. Tsesar, Konstantin V. Kharin · 2026Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysisIzvestiya KGTU (KSTU News)Read source →8Caridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, Messina M, Paladini G, Venuti V, Majolino D · 2021Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationApplied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646Read source → For cadmium, 3 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 6.8 µg/kg (Begday et al. 2026) to 60.5 µg/kg (Bielecka et al. 2022).3Inna V. Begday, Tamara A. Tsesar, Konstantin V. Kharin · 2026Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysisIzvestiya KGTU (KSTU News)Read source →4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source → Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Oat, as sold from retail brand A had lead higher at 2,800 µg/kg, against 1,100 µg/kg for retail brand A in the same study.7Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the oat came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as oat

This page covers oat in 4 forms kept separate in every comparison: oat, as sold (314 results), oat, flour or meal (60 results), oat, peel or outer layer (26 results) and oat, cooked (7 results).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Inna V. Begday, Tamara A. Tsesar, Konstantin V. Kharin · 2026Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysisIzvestiya KGTU (KSTU News)Read source →4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source →5Sonya Good, Chukwunonso Anakwue, Tuan Phan · 2026Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milksScientific ReportsRead source →6Marques M, Correig E, Capdevila E, Gargallo E, Gonzalez N, Nadal M, Domingo JL · 2021Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based DrinksBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source → Foods made from oat that have their own pages, such as oat ring cereal, are covered there.

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of oat

The table holds every extracted oat result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 407 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Inna V. Begday, Tamara A. Tsesar, Konstantin V. Kharin · 2026Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysisIzvestiya KGTU (KSTU News)Read source →4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source →5Sonya Good, Chukwunonso Anakwue, Tuan Phan · 2026Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milksScientific ReportsRead source →6Marques M, Correig E, Capdevila E, Gargallo E, Gonzalez N, Nadal M, Domingo JL · 2021Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based DrinksBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

71 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 45 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 64 values from 5 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source →5Sonya Good, Chukwunonso Anakwue, Tuan Phan · 2026Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milksScientific ReportsRead source →7Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →9Mukherjee A, Sharma M, Latkar S · 2019A study on heavy metal content in rolled oats available in domestic market in IndiaInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Analytical Research 8(3), 260-265 (Jul-Sep 2019)Read source →10Rubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, Hardisson A, Martín V, Revert C, Fernandes PJP, Lopes DJH, Paz-Montelongo S · 2023Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the AzoresBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of oat, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table
Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence
Oat findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food formCollection scopeFinding (µg/kg)ComparisonEvidence
112 findings · 16 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2012–2019median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2019median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2005–2015median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2011–2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2013–2016median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2019median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013–2018median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2000–2010median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013–2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013–2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013–2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2008median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2009–2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2004–2013median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO1998–2001median.
Oat, as soldauthors 2025productCollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldBegday et al. 2026commercial retail productCollection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022all samples, oat (Avena sativa), Polish retail and online stores2021median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022all samples, oat (Avena sativa), Polish retail and online stores2021mean.Same samples: 19 µg/kg (minimum); 113 µg/kg (maximum); 43.1 µg/kg (percentile); 55.1 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 39.5 µg/kg (minimum); 113 µg/kg (maximum); 40.6 µg/kg (percentile); 60.6 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, as soldGood et al. 2026all brands (milk-type mean)Collection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021sample value.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20162009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20172009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024not detected.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20192009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20202009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20202009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20212009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20222009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20242009–2024not detected.
Oat, as soldKowalska 2021all samples2015–2018Dry weightmean.
Oat, as soldAltwaiq et al. 2019cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C7), measured by flame AASCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldAltwaiq et al. 2019cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C7), measured by ICP-AESCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldCantoral et al. 2024Cereals (retail, Mexico City)2022–2023Basis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 1, AmritsarCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 2, AmritsarCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 3, ChennaiCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 4, BhopalCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 5, BhopalCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 6, BhopalCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 7, BhopalCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 8, BhopalCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 9, BhopalCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 10, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 11, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 12, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 13, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 14, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 15, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 16, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 17, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 18, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 19, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 20, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 21, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 22, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 23, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 24, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 25, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 26, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 27, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 28, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 29, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 30, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 31, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 32, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 33, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 34, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 35, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 36, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 37, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 38, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 39, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 40, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 41, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 42, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 43, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 44, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 45, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 46, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 47, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 48, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 49, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 50, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 51, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 52, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 53, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 54, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 55, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 56, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 57, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 58, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMukherjee et al. 2019market sample 59, NagpurCollection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Arman"Collection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Bityk"Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Duman"Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldRazanov et al. 2019zone of intensive farming, Right-bank Forest-steppe, UkraineCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldRubio et al. 2023Madeira marketCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer C2016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
11 findings · 3 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Oat, flour or mealBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, flour or mealBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 41 µg/kg (minimum); 86.6 µg/kg (maximum); 46.3 µg/kg (percentile); 61.3 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/11/20182016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/16/20182016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/30/20182016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 3/13/20182016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 6/22/20182016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 7/5/20182016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 9/13/20192016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 10/1/20192016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Oat, peel or outer layerBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, peel or outer layerBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 38.2 µg/kg (minimum); 78.6 µg/kg (maximum); 43.9 µg/kg (percentile); 68.4 µg/kg (percentile)
2 findings · 1 study
Oat, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2007–2015median.
Oat, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2008–2011median.
59 findings · 16 studies · 6 spread figures folded in
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEMRO2015–2019median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2006–2019median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2019median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2005–2015median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2011–2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2016median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004–2006median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2019median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2006median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2003–2010median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014–2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2008median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2005median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO1998–2001median.
Oat, as soldauthors 2025productCollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldBegday et al. 2026commercial retail productCollection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022all samples, oat (Avena sativa), Polish retail and online stores2021median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022all samples, oat (Avena sativa), Polish retail and online stores2021mean.Same samples: 1.05 µg/kg (minimum); 139 µg/kg (maximum); 17.9 µg/kg (percentile); 41.7 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 5.7 µg/kg (minimum); 70.9 µg/kg (maximum)
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021percentile.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021percentile.
Oat, as soldGood et al. 2026all brands (milk-type mean)Collection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20162009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20172009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024not detected.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20192009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20202009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20202009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20212009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20222009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20242009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldAltunay et al. 2023greengrocer, SivasCollection date unreportedDry weightmean.
Oat, as soldKowalska 2021all samples2015–2018Dry weightmean.
Oat, as soldCantoral et al. 2024all samples (single foodstuff, duplicate mean)2022–2023Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011Australia data submission2002–2009Basis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011Food industry (ingredients used worldwide) data submission2002–2009Basis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2011USA (FDA total diet study) data submission2002–2009Basis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Arman"Collection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Bityk"Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Duman"Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldRazanov et al. 2019zone of intensive farming, Right-bank Forest-steppe, UkraineCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldRubio et al. 2023Madeira marketCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer C2016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
12 findings · 3 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Oat, flour or mealBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, flour or mealBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 10.1 µg/kg (minimum); 41.7 µg/kg (maximum); 12.7 µg/kg (percentile); 23.6 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/11/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/16/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/30/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 3/13/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 6/22/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 7/5/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 9/13/20192016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 10/1/20192016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer C2016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Oat, peel or outer layerBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, peel or outer layerBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 6.48 µg/kg (minimum); 139 µg/kg (maximum); 34.6 µg/kg (percentile); 68.4 µg/kg (percentile)
2 findings · 1 study
Oat, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2013–2015median.
Oat, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2008–2011median.
41 findings · 9 studies · 6 spread figures folded in
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2010–2015median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2006–2015median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2015median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2014–2022median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2019median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2018median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2023median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2015–2021median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2022median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2020–2023median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2008median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2009–2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2005median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO1998–2001median.
Oat, as soldauthors 2025productCollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022all samples, oat (Avena sativa), Polish retail and online stores2021median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022all samples, oat (Avena sativa), Polish retail and online stores2021mean.Same samples: 1.78 µg/kg (minimum); 44.1 µg/kg (maximum); 4.49 µg/kg (percentile); 12.8 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 2.4 µg/kg (minimum); 30.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021percentile.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021percentile.
Oat, as soldGood et al. 2026all brands (milk-type mean)Collection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldRuzik et al. 2022Polish marketsCollection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20162009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20172009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20182009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20192009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20202009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20202009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20212009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20222009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20242009–2024sample value.
Oat, as soldKowalska 2021all samples2015–2018Dry weightnot detected.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Arman"Collection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Bityk"Collection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldMyrzhkbayeva et al. 2022breeding variety "Duman"Collection date unreportedBasis not statednot detected.
Oat, as soldRuzik et al. 2022Polish marketsCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer C2016–2019Basis not statednot detected.
10 findings · 2 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Oat, flour or mealBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, flour or mealBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 4.21 µg/kg (minimum); 15.2 µg/kg (maximum); 7.88 µg/kg (percentile); 12.1 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/11/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/16/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/30/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 3/13/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 6/22/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 7/5/20182016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 9/13/20192016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Oat, flour or mealU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 10/1/20192016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
3 findings · 2 studies · 4 spread figures folded in
Oat, peel or outer layerWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2014–2023median.
Oat, peel or outer layerBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, peel or outer layerBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 5.46 µg/kg (minimum); 18.3 µg/kg (maximum); 6.65 µg/kg (percentile); 13.7 µg/kg (percentile)
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2013–2014median.
11 findings · 2 studies
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2022median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2016–2022median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2021–2023median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2012–2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2021median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2024median.
Oat, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, peel or outer layerWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2018–2021median.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2013–2014median.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2016–2017median.
18 findings · 5 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2013–2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2011–2016median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2005–2006median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2001–2017median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2011median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2008median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO1998–2005median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2014median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO1998–2001median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022all samples, oat (Avena sativa), Polish retail and online stores2021median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022all samples, oat (Avena sativa), Polish retail and online stores2021mean.Same samples: 0.13 µg/kg (minimum); 3.57 µg/kg (maximum); 0.42 µg/kg (percentile); 1.2 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, as soldBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 0.25 µg/kg (minimum); 2.45 µg/kg (maximum); 0.31 µg/kg (percentile); 1.24 µg/kg (percentile)
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20212009–2024not detected.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20222009–2024not detected.
Oat, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Dry Infant Cereals, FY20242009–2024not detected.
Oat, as soldKowalska 2021all samples2015–2018Dry weightnot detected.
Oat, as soldRubio et al. 2023Madeira marketCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Oat, flour or mealBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, flour or mealBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 0.13 µg/kg (minimum); 1.2 µg/kg (maximum); 0.3 µg/kg (percentile); 0.8 µg/kg (percentile)
2 findings · 1 study · 4 spread figures folded in
Oat, peel or outer layerBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021median.
Oat, peel or outer layerBielecka et al. 2022product subgroup2021mean.Same samples: 0.51 µg/kg (minimum); 1.66 µg/kg (maximum); 0.83 µg/kg (percentile); 1.23 µg/kg (percentile)
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004–2015median.
8 findings · 3 studies
Oat, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012mean.
Oat, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012mean.
Oat, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012mean.
Oat, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012mean.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021sample value.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
Oat, as soldAltwaiq et al. 2019cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C7), measured by flame AASCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldAltwaiq et al. 2019cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C7), measured by ICP-AESCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
6 findings · 3 studies
Oat, as soldauthors 2025productCollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013mean.
Oat, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013mean.
Oat, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013mean.
Oat, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013mean.
Oat, as soldGood et al. 2026all brands (milk-type mean)Collection date unreportedmean.
2 findings · 1 study
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO1998–2005median.
Oat, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO1998median.
2 findings · 1 study
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
2 findings · 1 study
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
9 findings · 5 studies
Oat, as soldBegday et al. 2026commercial retail productCollection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldGood et al. 2026all brands (milk-type mean)Collection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldAltwaiq et al. 2019cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C7), measured by flame AASCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldAltwaiq et al. 2019cereal or bread sample, Amman market (C7), measured by ICP-AESCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Oat, as soldRazanov et al. 2019zone of intensive farming, Right-bank Forest-steppe, UkraineCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, as soldGood et al. 2026all brands (milk-type mean)Collection date unreportedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
3 findings · 2 studies
Oat, as soldGood et al. 2026all brands (milk-type mean)Collection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021sample value.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
7 findings · 4 studies
Oat, as soldBegday et al. 2026commercial retail productCollection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldGood et al. 2026all brands (milk-type mean)Collection date unreportedmean.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedsample value.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportednot detected.
Oat, as soldRazanov et al. 2019zone of intensive farming, Right-bank Forest-steppe, UkraineCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
2 findings · 1 study
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
2 findings · 1 study
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
Oat, as soldMarques et al. 2021all samples2021not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Oat, flour or mealCaridi et al. 2021retail flour type S8, five samples from large retailers, ItalyCollection date unreportedmean.
Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI oat Pb reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Pb reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference3.7–14 (bounded)20–47.7 (bounded)135–170 (bounded)
Alternative weighting4–11.5 (bounded)20–47.7 (bounded)135–170 (bounded)

103 reference units; 6 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food8717%
authors 2025117%
Bielecka et al. 2022117%
Marques et al. 2021217%
Shaikh et al. 2025317%
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024917%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

6 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-fde3e777ae46:ed3744fc470c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Pb reference · Oat, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI oat Pb reference · Oat, flour or meal. Oat, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference55.455.455.4
Alternative weighting55.455.455.4

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Bielecka et al. 20221100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Bielecka et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, flour or meal on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-c5a3a2b2d303:175528cdaec3

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Pb reference · Oat, peel or outer layer

Reference and scope

HMI oat Pb reference · Oat, peel or outer layer. Oat, peel or outer layer; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference56.256.256.2
Alternative weighting56.256.256.2

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Bielecka et al. 20221100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, peel or outer layer on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Bielecka et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, peel or outer layer on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-577ff4a90176:9b10c5780e6a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Pb reference · Oat, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI oat Pb reference · Oat, cooked. Oat, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤27≤100≤100
Alternative weighting≤27≤100≤100

7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food7100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, cooked on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-c00aa65d496b:515590098c7c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Cd reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Cd reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference515.6–16 (bounded)200
Alternative weighting515.6200

91 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food7925%
authors 2025125%
Shaikh et al. 2025125%
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 20241025%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-f4c46fb1a24a:14e143f88f60

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Cd reference · Oat, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI oat Cd reference · Oat, flour or meal. Oat, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference19.919.919.9
Alternative weighting19.919.919.9

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Bielecka et al. 20221100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Bielecka et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, flour or meal on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-46508c67ccb6:937d9eeb27c6

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Cd reference · Oat, peel or outer layer

Reference and scope

HMI oat Cd reference · Oat, peel or outer layer. Oat, peel or outer layer; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference50.450.450.4
Alternative weighting50.450.450.4

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Bielecka et al. 20221100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, peel or outer layer on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Bielecka et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, peel or outer layer on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-84fea35af58f:936d30771409

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Cd reference · Oat, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI oat Cd reference · Oat, cooked. Oat, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference1–6 (bounded)1050
Alternative weighting1–6 (bounded)1050

5 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food5100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, cooked on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-af0e5a2ad3b7:3f2b2f616d8b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference3.5–8.37 (bounded)8.37–13 (bounded)21–29 (bounded)
Alternative weighting3.5–8.37 (bounded)8.37–13 (bounded)21–29 (bounded)

59 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food4733%
Bielecka et al. 2022133%
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 20241133%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-71a391133bb8:dd40729d7830

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, as sold, dry weight. Oat, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤100≤100≤100
Alternative weighting≤100≤100≤100

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Kowalska 20211100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Kowalska 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-87df030283e6:1452725d83b9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, flour or meal. Oat, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference10.510.510.5
Alternative weighting10.510.510.5

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Bielecka et al. 20221100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Bielecka et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, flour or meal on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-e1a4b20a2298:ff4b5c19ef0b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, peel or outer layer

Reference and scope

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, peel or outer layer. Oat, peel or outer layer; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤8.298.298.29–24.5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤8.298.298.29–24.5 (bounded)

11 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1050%
Bielecka et al. 2022150%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, peel or outer layer on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-a275a518909d:d100a3a0b3f1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI oat tAs reference · Oat, cooked. Oat, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.02≤0.51≤1
Alternative weighting≤0.02≤0.51≤1

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food2100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, cooked on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-cdf7be272b9e:ead4613ff8e7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat iAs reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat iAs reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤9.95≤1012.4–17.8 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤9.89≤1012–20 (bounded)

16 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food16100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-5b73eb479465:db8a255640fb

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat iAs reference · Oat, peel or outer layer

Reference and scope

HMI oat iAs reference · Oat, peel or outer layer. Oat, peel or outer layer; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤20≤20≤20
Alternative weighting≤20≤20≤20

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food2100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, peel or outer layer on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, peel or outer layer on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-c5c5571c9ca4:dc7bb5a1fd71

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat iAs reference · Oat, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI oat iAs reference · Oat, cooked. Oat, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.02≤0.02≤0.02
Alternative weighting≤0.02≤0.02≤0.02

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food2100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, cooked on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-beb387c9969f:6f94c1cc1ac9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat DMA reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat DMA reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤20≤20≤20
Alternative weighting≤20≤20≤20

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food2100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-06274a796fde:3cd7c33246b4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.620.620.62–5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤0.620.620.62–4.5 (bounded)

33 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food3250%
Bielecka et al. 2022150%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-3846840f8d6d:de8e44bf18b8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, as sold, dry weight. Oat, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤5≤5≤5
Alternative weighting≤5≤5≤5

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Kowalska 20211100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Kowalska 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-57e85643e998:8c353f5602e4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, flour or meal

Reference and scope

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, flour or meal. Oat, flour or meal; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference0.470.470.47
Alternative weighting0.470.470.47

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Bielecka et al. 20221100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, flour or meal on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Bielecka et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, flour or meal on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-b9fb972d42d4:92643f399f33

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, peel or outer layer

Reference and scope

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, peel or outer layer. Oat, peel or outer layer; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference1.111.111.11
Alternative weighting1.111.111.11

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Bielecka et al. 20221100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, peel or outer layer on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Bielecka et al. 2022 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, peel or outer layer on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-ac5c2ef8aedf:77d40ebe4e5e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI oat tHg reference · Oat, cooked. Oat, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.1≤6≤50
Alternative weighting≤0.1≤6≤50

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food3100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, cooked on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-ed8fc972336e:c8fa6819139c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Ni reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Ni reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤5044.5–69.5 (bounded)89
Alternative weighting≤5044.5–69.5 (bounded)89

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Marques et al. 20212100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Marques et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-72733f8c4e12:ac633e4fc8ec

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Cr reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Cr reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference303030
Alternative weighting303030

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
authors 20251100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

authors 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-188382906385:1976312830a8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Sn reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Sn reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤2010–40 (bounded)20–60 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤2010–40 (bounded)20–60 (bounded)

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food2100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-f2d734fcafd3:cc51e0552b65

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat U reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat U reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤25≤25≤25
Alternative weighting≤25≤25≤25

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Marques et al. 20212100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Marques et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-aae640d710f3:becf5955a242

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Co reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Co reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤25≤25≤25
Alternative weighting≤25≤25≤25

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Marques et al. 20212100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Marques et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-0cf690f590ae:183993d6d03b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Cu reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Cu reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference530064507600
Alternative weighting530064507600

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Shaikh et al. 20252100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shaikh et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-50ee743f31a8:f733317ac9f1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Mn reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Mn reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference665668671
Alternative weighting665668671

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Marques et al. 20212100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Marques et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-078c9d72d7af:2bfe0f90f47b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Zn reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Zn reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference200002000020000
Alternative weighting200002000020000

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Shaikh et al. 20251100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shaikh et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-33a0183dec63:e49955d25d13

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat V reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat V reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤50≤50≤50
Alternative weighting≤50≤50≤50

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Marques et al. 20212100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Marques et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-ef53a88e8e36:728ab143f202

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI oat Hg reference · Oat, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI oat Hg reference · Oat, as sold. Oat, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤50≤50≤50
Alternative weighting≤50≤50≤50

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Marques et al. 20212100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for oat, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Marques et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for oat, as sold on this basis in the completed oat ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:oat-dcf665fb9acc:9394029217f9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

1 dataset

How metals reach oat

The evidence on how metals reach oat comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Oat, as sold from retail brand A had lead higher at 2,800 µg/kg, against 1,100 µg/kg for retail brand A in the same study.7Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in oat, as sold pools 103 subgroup units from 6 sampling families, with a median of between 20 and 47.7 µg/kg and a middle half spanning between 3.7 and 14 (lower quartile) and between 135 and 170 µg/kg (upper quartile).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source →6Marques M, Correig E, Capdevila E, Gargallo E, Gonzalez N, Nadal M, Domingo JL · 2021Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based DrinksBiological Trace Element ResearchRead source →7Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →11U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2024Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024)FDA analytical results tableRead source → For lead in oat, cooked, the reference median was below 100 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 27 to below 100 µg/kg across 7 units.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium in oat, as sold, the reference median was between 15.6 and 16 µg/kg, with a middle half from 5 to 200 µg/kg across 91 units.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →7Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →11U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2024Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024)FDA analytical results tableRead source →

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, oat, as sold had the lowest cadmium subgroup median in PAHO (6.9 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (100 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For inorganic arsenic, the lowest regional median was in PAHO (10.3 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (230 µg/kg).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Targeted oat, as sold samples in EURO had cadmium lower at 14 µg/kg, against 18 µg/kg for EURO in the same study.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

In one study, lead across 9 groups of oat ranged from 3 µg/kg (Dry Infant Cereals, FY2020) to 8 µg/kg (Dry Infant Cereals, FY2020); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.11U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2024Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024)FDA analytical results tableRead source → In another study, cadmium across 9 groups of oat ranged from 20.7 µg/kg (US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 1/16/2018) to 102 µg/kg (US baby-food manufacturer C); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.12U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy · 2021Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and MercuryStaff ReportRead source →

Processing, cooking and preparation

Processed or prepared forms were compared only with unprocessed oat in the same study and group. Oat, flour or meal (product subgroup) had lead higher at 55.4 µg/kg, against 47.7 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (oat, as sold).4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source → In another study, oat, cooked (EURO) had cadmium higher at 35 µg/kg, against 15 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (oat, as sold).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Forms differ in water content, so a per-kilogram difference is not by itself a measured removal or gain of metal.

Mitigation for oat

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.7Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source → Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing oat for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 200 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.7 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 100 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.019 µg/kg (Bielecka et al. 2022) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source →

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying oat

No maximum level for metals in oat was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from oat

No source in the library converted oat concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names oat was decided on its content: 25 occurrence extracted, 25 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Oat FAQs

What heavy metals are found in oat?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Ca, Hg, Mg, Na and P in oat, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →3Inna V. Begday, Tamara A. Tsesar, Konstantin V. Kharin · 2026Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysisIzvestiya KGTU (KSTU News)Read source →4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in oat, as sold from 1,272 results in 3 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 10 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

How do heavy metals get into oat?

In the studies available, oat from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than oat from the same study’s control.7Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source → Oat, as sold from retail brand A had lead higher at 2,800 µg/kg, against 1,100 µg/kg for retail brand A in the same study.7Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →

Which regions report the lowest levels in oat?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, oat, as sold had the lowest cadmium subgroup median in PAHO (6.9 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (100 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For inorganic arsenic, the lowest regional median was in PAHO (10.3 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (230 µg/kg).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Does processing change heavy metals in oat?

Only comparisons between forms in the same study are available, not before-and-after measurements of the same oat.4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source → Oat, flour or meal (product subgroup) had lead higher at 55.4 µg/kg, against 47.7 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (oat, as sold).4Bielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, Socha K · 2022Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsNutrients 2022, 14, 2342Read source →

How much of the arsenic in oat is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 13 results from 2 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →13European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source → European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014 reported inorganic arsenic at 14.2 µg/kg (mean) in oat, as sold from European dietary-survey occurrence data.13European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

  1. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
  2. Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inUnknown authors · Peer-reviewed article · 2025 · doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v29i9.58Peer-reviewed
  3. Integral assessment of the environmental safety of plant-based milk alternatives based on heavy metal analysisInna V. Begday, Tamara A. Tsesar, and Konstantin V. Kharin · Izvestiya KGTU (KSTU News) · 2026 · doi.org/10.46845/1997-3071-2026-81-57-70Peer-reviewed
  4. Gluten-Free Cereals and Pseudocereals as a Potential Source of Exposure to Toxic Elements among Polish ResidentsBielecka J, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Puścion-Jakubik A, Grabia M, Nowakowski P, Soroczyńska J, et al. · Nutrients 2022, 14, 2342 · 2022 · doi.org/10.3390/nu14112342Peer-reviewed
  5. Comparative exposure and risk assessment of heavy metals, nutrients, and organochlorine pesticides in cow and plant-based milksSonya Good, Chukwunonso Anakwue, and Tuan Phan · Scientific Reports · 2026 · doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-44766-0Peer-reviewed
  6. Essential and Non-essential Trace Elements in Milks and Plant-Based DrinksMarques M, Correig E, Capdevila E, Gargallo E, Gonzalez N, Nadal M, et al. · Biological Trace Element Research · 2021 · doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-03021-5Peer-reviewed
  7. Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsShaikh U and Samant R · International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025 · 2025 · doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.64548Peer-reviewed
  8. Evaluation of the Radiological and Chemical Risk for Public Health from Flour Sample InvestigationCaridi F, Acri G, Belvedere A, Crupi V, D’Agostino M, Marguccio S, et al. · Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3646 · 2021 · doi.org/10.3390/app11083646Peer-reviewed
  9. A study on heavy metal content in rolled oats available in domestic market in IndiaMukherjee A, Sharma M, and Latkar S · International Journal of Pharmacy and Analytical Research 8(3), 260-265 (Jul-Sep 2019) · 2019 · ijpar.comPeer-reviewed
  10. Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the AzoresRubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, Hardisson A, Martín V, Revert C, Fernandes PJP, et al. · Biological Trace Element Research · 2023 · doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03643-xPeer-reviewed
  11. Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024)U.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA analytical results table · 2024 · www.fda.govDataset
  12. Baby Foods Are Tainted with Dangerous Levels of Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and MercuryU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy · Staff Report · 2021 · oversight.house.govGray literature
  13. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Oat Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every oat record in the library: 25 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Referenced by

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