Ionizing Radiation for Quality Control and Mitigating Microbial

Overview

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annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% from 2024 to 2030, reflecting sustained industry expansion.(31) In
metals.(36) Concurrently, the market has experienced a notable expansion in raw pet food production,
procuring equipment and building installation, which accounts for 40% of the equipment purchased
method used, for instance, Cobalt-60 decays at a rate of about 1% each month, leading to an annual
replacement cost equivalent to 12% of the original supply, whereas electron beam and X-ray methods
avoid this issue. Similarly, the utility cost is calculated based on a 5% lamp efficiency, with the UV
and consumer trust by reducing microbial contamination by up to 99.9%, making it a preferred choice
meal, animal and vegetable fats, and flavorings.(41) The initial step in the manufacturing process
such as trypsin inhibitors found in legumes and vegetables.(10) According to Tran et al.(43) the
15–20 min to achieve the finished product moisture level of 9–10%.(2) Reducing moisture content is
Table 1 illustrates pet food recalls related to mycotoxin contamination. Commercial dry pet food
imum action levels for AFB1, DON, and fumonisin in pet animal feed at 20 ppb, 5 ppm, and 10 µg/g,
respectively (Table 2).(71,72) Additionally, the European Commission(73) recommends different myco
5000 μg/kg, while zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and AFB1 have limits of 100, 50, and 20 μg/kg,
Table 1. Mycotoxin detected in commercial pet foods.
Commercial dog ND NR ND 3.6 µg/kg 51 µg/kg 122 µg/kg
Commercial dry dog NR <0.05 µg/kg 124 µg/kg 0.4 µg/kg 19.8 µg/kg <5.0 µg/kg
Commercial dry cat NR <0.05 µg/kg 104 µg/kg 0.43 µg/kg 33.8 µg/kg 54 µg/kg
Total aflatoxinCorn, cottonseed meal, rice, peanut products and other animal 20 ppb
Deoxynivalenol Grains and grain by-products 5 ppm
Total Corn and corn by-products Not exceed 10 ppm
(Table 3).(90,91) Notably, Salmonella and Listeria were absent in dry pet food samples.(86,92) However,
Table 3. Bacterial contamination in different types of pet foods.
Pet foods 165 (99 canned and 66 dry products) ● Salmonella (41%)
pathogen (21%), while raw pork contained Y. enterocolitica (15%).(98) Raw pet food was found to be
Błajet-Kosicka et al.(67) reported that Aspergillus (35%), Mucor (10%), and Penicillium (8%) were
observed in dry pet food samples. In addition, dry pet foods were found to contain Aspergillus (67%),
against Salmonella Schwarzengrund on dry pet foods was observed with 2% trans-cinnamaldehyde
in 5% vegetable oil or 1% chitosan.(118) Likewise, Wales et al.(119) reported that the use of chemicals
their stable chemical structure, which allows them to withstand extreme temperature conditions.(121)
of cold plasma, it operates within the temperature range of 25–65°C and involves the ionization of gas
92% and 99% of the total microbial load in pet foods, respectively (Table 4). The study found that
Table 4. Effect of different sources and doses of irradiation on microbial inactivation in different pet food ingredients.
Electron beam Total aerobic Pet food Not defined 6 kGy 99%
Total aerobic Pet treat Pork jerky 4 kGy 100%
Total aerobic Raw pet food Frozen duck 3 kGy 100%
Total aerobic Raw pet food Frozen duck 3 kGy 76.19%
Salmonella Raw pet food Poultry meat 1.8 kGy 100%
Gamma irradiation Total aerobic Raw pet food Chicken meat 2 kGy 61.48%
X-ray irradiation Salmonella Pet treat and raw Tuna fillets 0.6 kGy 100%
et al.(24) reported that 20 kGy of electron beam irradiation reduced aflatoxin levels by 61% in maize
slurry, observed in 61% of the samples. Markov et al.(152) investigated gamma ray irradiation in

Methods (brief)

human leftovers. Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli were detected in different types of pet food samples
(Table 3).(90,91) Notably, Salmonella and Listeria were absent in dry pet food samples.(86,92) However,
Type of pet food Number of samples Identified bacterial pathogens References
measures. Furthermore, molds have been detected in pet food samples, particularly dry pet foods.
observed in dry pet food samples. In addition, dry pet foods were found to contain Aspergillus (67%),
Salmonella was inactivated in any irradiated pet food samples. The microbial inactivation effect is
meat samples. Thus, the irradiation dose required to destroy a certain pathogen needs to be clearly
delay in microbial growth of irradiated samples may indicate a longer lag time required by radiation-
slurry, observed in 61% of the samples. Markov et al.(152) investigated gamma ray irradiation in
detected in all samples exposed at 30 kGy of gamma ray irradiation. In fact, AFB1 degradation was
furan, 3-hydroxytoluene, and 1-R-α-pinene were only present in extruded samples, contributing to
occurs at elevated temperatures.(172) However, in practical applications, food samples are generally
and Cat Food Using Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry and Fluorescence Detection. Food Addit.
Preliminary Study on Commercial Samples. World Mycotoxin J. 2011, 4(4), 439–446. DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2011.
2017, 56(1), 81–89. DOI: 10.22630/AAS.2017.56.1.10.

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The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised