The Stability of Phenolic Compounds in Fruit, Berry,

Overview

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Key numbers

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Kärt Saarniit 1,2, * , Hanna Lang 1 , Rain Kuldjärv 1 , Oskar Laaksonen 3 and Sirli Rosenvald 1
1 Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies, Mäealuse 2/4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
2 Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15,
12618 Tallinn, Estonia
3 Food Sciences, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku,
assess the quality of these products during storage. This study aimed to (1) monitor the stability of
aluminum-layered vs. aluminum-free packaging on the changes in TPC; and (3) assess the suitability
ASLT at 40 ◦ C were 28, 42, 56, and 66 days, calculated using Q10 = 3. The TPC was determined
Kuldjärv, R.; Laaksonen, O.; changes in such purees, but the corresponding Q10 factors may vary and should be determined based
Received: 22 March 2023 one of the widely approved key parts of achieving a well-balanced diet. In addition to
Revised: 19 April 2023 providing vital dietary fiber, fruits, berries, and vegetables also consist of health-beneficial
Accepted: 20 April 2023 bioactive compounds such as antioxidants and polyphenols (1). However, the amount
Published: 25 April 2023 of these compounds in food can decrease with applying heat during processing (2), for
example, when producing pasteurized purees (3). In addition, it has been stated that
storage time also has a significant effect on the quantity of polyphenols (4,5). Therefore,
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. assess the quality of these long-shelf-life products during storage.
background, growing, and climatic conditions (9,10). For example, blueberries (Vaccinium
Foods 2023, 12, 1777. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091777 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/foods
known to contain high amounts of health-beneficial phenolic compounds (7,11,12). The
total content of polyphenols in blueberries ranges from 48–302 mg/100 g of fresh fruit
weight (7) and they are considered important to monitor during the shelf-life of blueberry
products (13). More specifically, blueberries contain bioactive compounds such as antho-
cyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids (14–16). In addition, raspberries are a good source
of anthocyanins (17). Sea buckthorn, also named as seaberry, has excellent antioxidant
and flavonoids. The TPC of bananas varies in the range of 7–475 mg GAE/100 g, depending
on different cultivars and growing conditions (10). Mango, a popular exotic fruit, also
contains various phenolics such as phenolic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins (18,19). As
carrots are phenolic acids (20). In cereals, the TPC depends on the grain type, growing, and
compounds in the sample, including ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, SO2 , etc. As a result,
non-polyphenolic compounds (23). Therefore, the F–C assay is still widely implemented
As the market share of fruit, berry, and vegetable purees is continuously increasing (26),
demand, ensuring there is no loss in product quality and storage time (27). However, as the
purees need barriers against light and gases to maintain their quality during storage (28,29),
of a metalized PET is 0.197 kg CO2 equivalent (30), while the GWP of a pure PET bottle is
32% less burdensome (31). In addition, the GWP of the aluminum foil itself is 0.382 kg CO2
equivalent (30). Therefore, removing the aluminum layer from multilayered packaging
easier (32). Regarding barrier needs, aluminum can be replaced with plastics which provide
(OPA) is often used as a good oxygen barrier material (OTR = 18 cm3 /m2 /day) (33).
and reliable methods (34,35). For this purpose, an accelerated shelf-life test (ASLT) could be
enables the faster launch of long shelf-life food products to the market (37). Furthermore,
and/or packaging materials on the quality of the product during storage (35). The chemical
the reactions the most (37). The methodology of ASLT is based on the Arrhenius equation

Methods (brief)

samples were stored at 23 ◦ C for 182, 274, 365, and 427 days. The corresponding time points during
reagent and the reducing compounds in the sample takes place. However, this assay
compounds in the sample, including ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, SO2 , etc. As a result,
result. Nevertheless, the F–C assay can still be used to evaluate the TPC of samples
to measure the TPC in most food samples. In addition, it also has some considerable
The samples of packaged purees were supplied by a local producer (Salvest AS, Tartu,
Büchenbach, Germany). The samples were stored in the dark to simulate the most likely
condition applied in the warehouse. As the expected shelf-lives of the samples at room
time point, 2 sample replicates from both storage conditions were taken for analysis.
homogenized sample. Two measurements were performed for both sample replicates.
Briefly, 1 g of sample was weighed into 15 mL high-speed centrifuge tubes, 5 mL of 70%
acetone was added, and mixed thoroughly. Sample extracts were rotated for 60 min using
rotator Stuart SB3 (TEquipment, Long Branch, NJ, USA). Sample extracts were centrifuged
sulfite) from the samples and, therefore, to see the amount of interfering compounds, a
in milliQ water and was well shaken before being added to the filtered sample. PVPP
0.5 mL of filtered sample and the mixture was rotated for 10 min using rotator Stuart SB3
(TEquipment, USA). After PVPP treatment, the samples were centrifuged (21,000× g at
and diluted sample extracts (PVPP treated or untreated) were mixed with 100 µL of 0.2N

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised