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Blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, grapes and raisins illustrating blueberries ingredient context.

Heavy metals in Blueberries

Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and total mercury in blueberries: monitoring results, studies, references by form and basis, limits, testing and controls.

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Blueberries in the HMI library has 610 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, arsenic (As), B, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, MnO, Mo, Na, P, S, Si and Sr from 15 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source →5Lee J, Hwang I, Park YS, Lee DY · 2023Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source →6Mustatea G, Ungureanu EL, Iorga SC, Ciotea D, Popa ME · 2021Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Some Food Supplements Available on the Romanian MarketFoods 2021, 10, 581Read source →

Blueberries overview

Blueberries in the HMI library has 610 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, As, B, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, MnO, Mo, Na, P, S, Si and Sr from 15 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source →5Lee J, Hwang I, Park YS, Lee DY · 2023Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source →6Mustatea G, Ungureanu EL, Iorga SC, Ciotea D, Popa ME · 2021Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Some Food Supplements Available on the Romanian MarketFoods 2021, 10, 581Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in blueberries, as sold from 651 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 2.2 to 260 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → In the US Total Diet Study, blueberries, as sold had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 27 composites from 2017–2020.2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →

Across 4 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 2.5 µg/kg (Spungen et al. 2024) to 556 µg/kg (Dróżdż et al. 2018).4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source →7Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source → For cadmium, 2 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 0.6 µg/kg (Spungen et al. 2024) to 40 µg/kg (Dróżdż et al. 2018).4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source →7Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the blueberries came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as blueberries

This page covers blueberries in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: blueberries, as sold (607 results) and blueberries, dried (3 results).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source →5Lee J, Hwang I, Park YS, Lee DY · 2023Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source →6Mustatea G, Ungureanu EL, Iorga SC, Ciotea D, Popa ME · 2021Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Some Food Supplements Available on the Romanian MarketFoods 2021, 10, 581Read source →

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of blueberries

The table holds every extracted blueberries result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 610 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source →5Lee J, Hwang I, Park YS, Lee DY · 2023Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source →6Mustatea G, Ungureanu EL, Iorga SC, Ciotea D, Popa ME · 2021Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Some Food Supplements Available on the Romanian MarketFoods 2021, 10, 581Read source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

20 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 466 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 15 values from 2 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source →8Kowalska G · 2021The Safety Assessment of Toxic Metals in Commonly Used Herbs, Spices, Tea, and Coffee in PolandInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of blueberries, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table
Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence
Blueberries findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food formCollection scopeFinding (µg/kg)ComparisonEvidence
61 findings · 13 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004–2019As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2017As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2007–2014As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2017As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014–2016As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2003–2017As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2015As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2016As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2019As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2009–2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodSEARO2015As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2016As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2008As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldFDA Total Diet Study6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldBora et al. 2022vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / freshnot detected.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldLee et al. 2023all samples2019As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldMustatea et al. 2021retail product SV2, Bucharest drugstores and health food stores2018–2019As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldSpungen et al. 2024all samples2018–2020As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Grain-Based Snacks, FY20162009–2024As sold / freshsample value.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Grain-Based Snacks, FY20232009–2024As sold / freshnot detected.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2015–2017median.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodSEARO2016median.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Leningrad region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Pskov region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Vologda region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKowalska 2021all samples2015–2018mean.
Blueberries, as soldDabeka et al. 19955 city composites1986–1988Basis not statedmedian.
Blueberries, as soldDabeka et al. 19955 city composites1986–1988Basis not statedmean.Same samples: 8.1 µg/kg (minimum); 24 µg/kg (maximum)
Blueberries, as soldU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer B, ingredient lot, test date 2/1/20192016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
2 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, driedWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013–2014As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, driedMustatea et al. 2021retail product SV10, Bucharest drugstores and health food stores2018–2019As sold / freshmean.
44 findings · 12 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2019As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2005As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2005–2017As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2007–2014As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2017As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO1999–2018As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2019As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldFDA Total Diet Study6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldBora et al. 2022vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / freshnot detected.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldLee et al. 2023all samples2019As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldMustatea et al. 2021retail product SV2, Bucharest drugstores and health food stores2018–2019As sold / freshnot detected.
Blueberries, as soldSpungen et al. 2024all samples2018–2020As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Grain-Based Snacks, FY20162009–2024As sold / freshsample value.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Grain-Based Snacks, FY20232009–2024As sold / freshsample value.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2015–2019median.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKowalska 2021all samples2015–2018mean.
Blueberries, as soldDabeka et al. 19955 city composites1986–1988Basis not statedmedian.
Blueberries, as soldDabeka et al. 19955 city composites1986–1988Basis not statedmean.Same samples: 0.38 µg/kg (minimum); 1.25 µg/kg (maximum)
Blueberries, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Blueberries, driedMustatea et al. 2021retail product SV10, Bucharest drugstores and health food stores2018–2019As sold / freshnot detected.
33 findings · 8 studies
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2023As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2018–2020As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2021As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2017As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2013As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldFDA Total Diet Study6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldLee et al. 2023all samples2019As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Grain-Based Snacks, FY20162009–2024As sold / freshsample value.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Grain-Based Snacks, FY20232009–2024As sold / freshsample value.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Leningrad region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Novgorod region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Pskov region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Vologda region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKowalska 2021all samples2015–2018not detected.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer C2016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021US baby-food manufacturer C2016–2019Basis not statedsample value.
4 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2023As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2011As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2022As sold / freshmedian.
7 findings · 5 studies
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2009–2015As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2012–2014As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldFDA Total Diet Study6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldDabeka et al. 2003Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000As sold / freshsample value.
Blueberries, as soldDabeka et al. 2003Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000As sold / freshsample value.
Blueberries, as soldU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024Grain-Based Snacks, FY20232009–2024As sold / freshnot detected.
Blueberries, as soldKowalska 2021all samples2015–2018mean.
30 findings · 6 studies
Blueberries, as soldFDA Total Diet Study6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldLee et al. 2023all samples2019As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Leningrad region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Novgorod region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Pskov region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Vologda region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldDabeka et al. 1995Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not statedsample value.
29 findings · 5 studies
Blueberries, as soldFDA Total Diet Study6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / freshmedian.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldLee et al. 2023all samples2019As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Leningrad region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Novgorod region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Pskov region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Vologda region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
23 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldLee et al. 2023all samples2019As sold / freshmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldFDA Total Diet Study6 collection regions2017–2020As sold / freshmedian.
18 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldDabeka et al. 1995Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not statedsample value.
23 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
23 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
23 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
28 findings · 4 studies
Blueberries, as soldBora et al. 2022vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Leningrad region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Novgorod region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Pskov region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Vologda region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
17 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
17 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldBora et al. 2022vegetable and fruit market; washed with tap water2021As sold / freshnot detected.
17 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
18 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldLee et al. 2023all samples2019As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
23 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
23 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
23 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
4 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Leningrad region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Novgorod region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Pskov region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Vologda region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
17 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020not detected.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
23 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018cultivated American blueberry, local market (C1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 12-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W1)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 25-year-old pine forest, Mazovia, central Poland (W2)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldDróżdż et al. 2018wild, local marketplace (W4)2016As sold / freshmean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
17 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
17 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
17 findings · 1 study
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
21 findings · 2 studies
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Leningrad region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Novgorod region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Pskov region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldDinkelaker et al. 2020Vologda region, intact forest near protected area2017–2019mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021commercial fresh blueberries2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Bluecrop2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Blueray 172018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chandler2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Chippewa2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Duke, organic farm on peat soil, Latvia, harvested 20182018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Northblue2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Patriot2018–2020mean.
Blueberries, as soldKlavins et al. 2021cultivar Polaris2018–2020mean.
Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI blueberries Pb reference · Blueberries, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries Pb reference · Blueberries, as sold. Blueberries, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤43.2–4 (bounded)4–4.4 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤43.37–4 (bounded)4–4.4 (bounded)

94 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food6633%
FDA Total Diet Study2733%
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024133%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-270da86aee4e:656887e53349

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries Pb reference · Blueberries, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries Pb reference · Blueberries, as sold, dry weight. Blueberries, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference140310445
Alternative weighting140310445

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food3100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, as sold on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-cb5ea4d73c70:64fbb01bfd43

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries Pb reference · Blueberries, dried

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries Pb reference · Blueberries, dried. Blueberries, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤110–10.5 (bounded)20
Alternative weighting≤110–10.5 (bounded)20

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food2100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, dried on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-b91f3af9498a:99bf3458a8d7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries Cd reference · Blueberries, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries Cd reference · Blueberries, as sold. Blueberries, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.335≤19
Alternative weighting≤0.335≤19

75 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food4525%
FDA Total Diet Study2725%
Mustatea et al. 2021125%
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024225%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-9d8dfc096479:221d130ea0c0

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries Cd reference · Blueberries, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries Cd reference · Blueberries, as sold, dry weight. Blueberries, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤10≤1010–15 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤10≤1010–15 (bounded)

5 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food5100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, as sold on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-ba2666e7dbb2:9dac8cb4b146

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries Cd reference · Blueberries, dried

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries Cd reference · Blueberries, dried. Blueberries, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.2≤0.2≤0.2
Alternative weighting≤0.2≤0.2≤0.2

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Mustatea et al. 20211100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Mustatea et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, dried on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-e5b494603e48:618e899360cf

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries tAs reference · Blueberries, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries tAs reference · Blueberries, as sold. Blueberries, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤5.65.6–11.2 (bounded)48
Alternative weighting≤5.65.6–11.2 (bounded)48

45 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1633%
FDA Total Diet Study2733%
U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024233%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-df15c8fcbc1d:f9494c9d9de8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries tAs reference · Blueberries, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries tAs reference · Blueberries, as sold, dry weight. Blueberries, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤100≤100≤100
Alternative weighting≤100≤100≤100

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Kowalska 20211100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Kowalska 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, as sold on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-6731928d1f01:868df711e020

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries iAs reference · Blueberries, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries iAs reference · Blueberries, as sold. Blueberries, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1.07≤10.70.745–20 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤1.07≤10.70.745–20 (bounded)

4 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food4100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, as sold on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-aebbd9c40a12:3b320a509ebd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries tHg reference · Blueberries, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries tHg reference · Blueberries, as sold. Blueberries, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.292≤0.730.21–1 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤0.3≤0.730.21–1 (bounded)

37 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food833%
FDA Total Diet Study2733%
Dabeka et al. 2003233%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-f74d01f8c186:5d2edd786f76

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries Ni reference · Blueberries, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries Ni reference · Blueberries, as sold. Blueberries, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤405469
Alternative weighting≤405367

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study27100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, as sold on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-24abbbeba9cf:33c8a19cc464

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries Cr reference · Blueberries, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries Cr reference · Blueberries, as sold. Blueberries, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤50≤50≤50
Alternative weighting≤50≤50≤50

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study27100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, as sold on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-ee0db845f1d0:1957c8069c5b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI blueberries U reference · Blueberries, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI blueberries U reference · Blueberries, as sold. Blueberries, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1≤1≤1
Alternative weighting≤1≤1≤1

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
FDA Total Diet Study27100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for blueberries, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for blueberries, as sold on this basis in the completed blueberries ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:blueberries-5029469e5951:17f1bce6cad5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

1 dataset

How metals reach blueberries

No study in the library compared blueberries from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in blueberries, as sold pools 94 subgroup units from 3 sampling families, with a median of between 3.2 and 4 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 4 (lower quartile) and between 4 and 4.4 µg/kg (upper quartile).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →9U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2024Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024)FDA analytical results tableRead source → For cadmium in blueberries, as sold, the reference median was below 1 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 0.335 to 9 µg/kg across 75 units.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →6Mustatea G, Ungureanu EL, Iorga SC, Ciotea D, Popa ME · 2021Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Some Food Supplements Available on the Romanian MarketFoods 2021, 10, 581Read source →9U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2024Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024)FDA analytical results tableRead source → For cadmium in blueberries, as sold, the reference median was below 10 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 10 to between 10 and 15 µg/kg across 5 units.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, blueberries, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (2.2 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (215 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

In one study, lead across 15 groups of blueberries ranged from 30 µg/kg (cultivar Northblue) to 160 µg/kg (commercial fresh blueberries); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.10Klavins L, Maaga I, Bertins M, Hykkerud AL, Karppinen K, Bobinas Č, Salo HM, Nguyen N, Salminen H, Stankevica K, Klavins M · 2021Trace Element Concentration and Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis in Blueberries and Bilberries: A Tool for Quality and Authenticity ControlFoods 2021, 10, 567Read source → In another study, cadmium across 6 groups of blueberries ranged from 1 µg/kg (wild, 77-year-old pine wood, Mazovia, central Poland (W3)) to 40 µg/kg (cultivated American blueberry, garden plot outside Warsaw (C2)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source →

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for blueberries

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing blueberries for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 500 µg/kg (Dróżdż et al. 2018), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.2 µg/kg (Mustatea et al. 2021) to 30 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →6Mustatea G, Ungureanu EL, Iorga SC, Ciotea D, Popa ME · 2021Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Some Food Supplements Available on the Romanian MarketFoods 2021, 10, 581Read source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 2.14 µg/kg (Lee et al. 2023) to 100 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →5Lee J, Hwang I, Park YS, Lee DY · 2023Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaApplied Biological ChemistryRead source →

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying blueberries

No maximum level for metals in blueberries was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from blueberries

No source in the library converted blueberries concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names blueberries was decided on its content: 15 occurrence extracted, 15 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Blueberries FAQs

What heavy metals are found in blueberries?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, As, B, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, MnO, Mo, Na, P, S, Si and Sr in blueberries, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →3Bora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, Bunea CI · 2022Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaHorticulturaeRead source →4Dróżdż P, Šėžienė V, Pyrzynska K · 2018Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesBiological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in blueberries, as sold from 651 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 2.2 to 260 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Which regions report the lowest levels in blueberries?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, blueberries, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (2.2 µg/kg) and the highest in EURO (215 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

How much of the arsenic in blueberries is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 4 results from 1 source, far fewer than total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported inorganic arsenic in blueberries, as sold from 5 results in 3 reporting regions, with a subgroup median of 1.49 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

  1. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
  2. FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
  3. Quantification and Reduction in Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study Galați County, RomaniaBora FD, Bunea A, Pop SR, Banita SI, Dusa DS, Chira A, et al. · Horticulturae · 2022 · doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111034Peer-reviewed
  4. Mineral Composition of Wild and Cultivated BlueberriesDróżdż P, Šėžienė V, and Pyrzynska K · Biological Trace Element Research (2018) 181:173-177 · 2018 · doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1033-zPeer-reviewed
  5. Occurrence and health risk assessment of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead in fresh fruits consumed in South KoreaLee J, Hwang I, Park YS, and Lee DY · Applied Biological Chemistry · 2023 · doi.org/10.1186/s13765-023-00799-xPeer-reviewed
  6. Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Some Food Supplements Available on the Romanian MarketMustatea G, Ungureanu EL, Iorga SC, Ciotea D, and Popa ME · Foods 2021, 10, 581 · 2021 · doi.org/10.3390/foods10030581Peer-reviewed
  7. Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
  8. The Safety Assessment of Toxic Metals in Commonly Used Herbs, Spices, Tea, and Coffee in PolandKowalska G · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2021 · doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115779Peer-reviewed
  9. Analytical Results for Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Food Intended for Babies and Young Children - TEP (FY2009-FY2024)U.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA analytical results table · 2024 · www.fda.govDataset
  10. Trace Element Concentration and Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis in Blueberries and Bilberries: A Tool for Quality and Authenticity ControlKlavins L, Maaga I, Bertins M, Hykkerud AL, Karppinen K, Bobinas Č, et al. · Foods 2021, 10, 567 · 2021 · doi.org/10.3390/foods10030567Peer-reviewed

Sources

Browse Blueberries Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every blueberries record in the library: 15 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Referenced by

Graph View