the existing literature on food and pediatric DGBIs. The following have been shown to be beneficial: (i) in infants with

Overview

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Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

havior (7,10,11). It aﬀects somewhere between 4% and 28% of 2. Soy-based formulas: They may reduce symptoms of colic (18).
milk allergy (CMA) (2,7,10,21,22). infant colic (8%), but more information is needed before this can
wheat, and rye. with a prevalence of about 20% (2,8,32,33). Gastroesophageal
pathophysiological mechanisms (2,8) (Tables 1 and 2 and formulas have a controlled composition with thickening com-
(ii) commercially available thickened formulas (46). been reported in 16%–56% of cases with persistent gastrointes-
that a heaping tablespoon of starch added a quantity between 3.6 g Elimination of cow’s milk protein has been achieved either
Decrease lactose Miller et al. (14) RCT crossover trial with two 1-wk 15 infants with colic (6.5 6 2.2 wk) The mean (1SE) duration of crying
formula preincubated with lactase vs with colic (range 3–13 wk) hydrogen production (45% vs 26%; CI
control. 10 d and 5 d washout and 10 12.9%–44.4%) but no significant
Savino et al. (119) RCT comparing a partially hydrolyzed 267 infants with colic (mean 1.39 6 Both reduced colic episodes at 7
Turco et al. (24) RCT comparing a partially hydrolyzed 247 infants with colic (,4 mo) Mean daily crying time at 28 d was
Change of diet in mothers Estep et al. (120) Baseline 3–5 d. Interruption of 6 breastfed infants (mean age 20.5 d, Effective in controlling the colic within 1
breastfeeding and a temporary range 15–48 d) or 2 d; however, this intervention could
for a week. In those who responded, with colic (mean age 2.6 wk; range and reappeared after 2 challenges in
there were 2 challenges with cow’s 1–12 wk) 35%.
Hill et al. (27) RCT comparing low-allergen maternal 90 breastfeeding mothers of infants 35/47 of infants (74%) responded
diet (elimination of dairy products, soy, with colic (mean 5.7 6 1.1 wk; range: (reduction in cry/fuss duration of
wheat, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, and 2.9–8.6 wk) 25%) to a low-allergen maternal diet,
fish) with a diet containing potential compared with 16/43 of infants (37%)
Table 1. (continued )
Iacovou et al. (20) RCTcomparing low FODMAP diet with 14 breastfeeding mothers of babies Mean crying-fussing durations were
a regular Australian diet for 7 d with colic (mean age 6.3 wk; range 91 min/d in 7 controls compared with
compared with 20% during the typical
Taubman et al. (28) RCT crossover trial comparing 20 infants with colic. Mean age Infants whose parents were given
education vs a maternal elimination education group 5.4 6 2.2 wk. Mean information and support experienced
short-chain and long-chain (median age 4 d, range 0–28 d) lcFOS 1 FE decreased the incidence
fermented formula. Younger than 28 crying episodes per day (median 2.64
Smaller and frequent feedings Jadcherla et al. (40) Symptomatic dysphagic neonates 35 neonates (mean 30 6 4.9 wk) There were decreased amounts of
Table 1. (continued )
thickened antiregurgitation (group A) vs home-thickened formula mean age 47.1 6 17.7) significantly in the 3 groups (P ,
Vandenplas et al. (48) RCT comparing antiregurgitation 115 infants with regurgitation (mean Showed a significant decrease in
Elimination of cow’s milk protein Omari et al. (53) Elimination of cow’s milk protein 50 infants with regurgitation and pain Fourteen infants (28%) were
(mothers of breastfed infants (mean age 13 6 7 wk) diagnosed with cow’s milk allergy
RCT to 2 rechallenges with or without 214 min; P 5 0.05), % acid exposure
Table 1. (continued )
Low fermentable Chumpitazi et al. (79) RCT crossover trial comparing low 33 children with IBS (mean age 11.5 Less frequent abdominal pain
oligosaccharides, disaccharides, FODMAP diet vs traditional American 3.0 yr; range 7–17 yr) occurred during a low FODMAP diet
Dogan et al. (80) RCT comparing a low FODMAP diet vs 60 children with IBS (mean age 13.4 The mean decrease in VAS pain score
general protective standard dietary 6 2.6; range 6–18 yr) after 2 mo of diet was 3.80 6 1.10 in
Boradyn et al. (81) RCT comparing a low FODMAP diet vs 27 children (mean age of 8.2; range There was no improvement vs
(10 g) with placebo: 2 wk baseline, pain (mean 9.3 yr, range 5–15 yr) (10 g) showed a greater improvement
BID vs placebo for 7 wk pain (range 3–15 yr) number of episodes of abdominal

Methods (brief)

disaccharides monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet or a Factors that contribute to the more frequent physiologic reﬂux
crying time for the low-FODMAP group (20). esophagus, a small stomach size and capacity resulting in faster
Category Study Design Population sample size Findings
Category Study Design Population sample size Findings
Iacovou et al. (20) RCTcomparing low FODMAP diet with 14 breastfeeding mothers of babies Mean crying-fussing durations were
during the low FODMAP diet
Category Study Design Population sample size Findings
Category Study Design Population sample size Findings
oligosaccharides, disaccharides, FODMAP diet vs traditional American 3.0 yr; range 7–17 yr) occurred during a low FODMAP diet
(FODMAP) diet 1.7 1 0.4 in the traditional American
FODMAP diet (P , 0.01) but more
Dogan et al. (80) RCT comparing a low FODMAP diet vs 60 children with IBS (mean age 13.4 The mean decrease in VAS pain score
advice 3 2 mo the low-FODMAP group vs 2.03 6
Boradyn et al. (81) RCT comparing a low FODMAP diet vs 27 children (mean age of 8.2; range There was no improvement vs
Excellence (NICE) guidelines diet x abdominal pain noted in the low FODMAP diet group
Fiber supplementation Feldman et al. (88) RCT comparing soluble corn fiber 52 children with functional abdominal Children taking a soluble corn fiber
Category Study Design Population sample size Findings
Category Study Design Population sample size Findings

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised