Chemical Composition and Antigenotoxic Properties

Overview

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Key numbers

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not necessarily an organic product (9). An organic cosmetic must contain at least 95% of
chemical characterization. The remaining 5% of the formulation may be composed of water,
market is expected to grow annually by 9.24% (2021–2025) (11–13). A total of 80% of French
women buy or have already bought natural and organic beauty products (14). About 50%
of non-organic products (15,16). The organic cosmetic market grew by 5.9% in Germany,
Table 1. Major chemicals found, their uses, and problematic properties.
Iodopropynyl concentrations less than or equal to 0.1%, but IPBC
ecological zoning of Trás-os-Montes highlights the domains: Atlantic (50%), Iberic (26%)
and Mediterranean (24%) and four agrotypes, “Granito e Xisto,” “Meia Encosta Nordes-
15% of the national production of olive oil (35). The more important varieties are “Co-
and season. As for carbohydrates, elderberry berries contain 7.86–11.50% of total sugar and
Other carbohydrates were found such as dietary fibre, in particular, pectin (0.1593%),
pectin acid (0.2299%), protopectin (0.0409%), Ca-pectate (1.53%), and cellulose (1.65%) (52).
As for proteins, they are present in berries (2.7–2.9%), flowers (2.5%), and leaves (3.3%).
Thus protein includes sixteen amino acids, nine of which are essential (9% in flowers and
11.5% in leaves) (51). Glutamic acid (0.311 g/100 mL), aspartic acid (0.303 g/100 mL) and
acids) (51). Organic acids represent 1.0–1.3% of the berry content. Four organic acids were
both in berries and flowers and represent 0.90–1.55% of the fruit mass. They include
Cu (0.14 mg/100 g) (52). Elderberry fruit and flowers also include essential oils (0.01%),
are procyanidins, like epicatechin (88.4% of total tannins) and catechin (11.6% of total
centration needed to scavenge 50% of free radicals) of 123 µg/mL. Espín et al. (56) demon-
could cover 13% of the recommended daily intake of calcium for women and men. The
showed that the time to reduce DPPH concentration by 50% was 23–75 s for flowers and fruit
(1.38 ± 0.04%) and significantly higher magnesium content (0.73 ± 0.05%) than other plant
parts. Phosphorus was also found but in significantly lower proportions (0.30 ± 0.02%).
As for micronutrients, iron (115 ± 4 mg/kg DW), manganese (67.0 ± 4.6 mg/kg DW), zinc
showing that Elderberry has no mutagenic effect and a high in vitro activity (Table 2).
is relatively low (1–3%), and its amino acid composition does not differ significantly (72).
to its antioxidant properties (74). Significant components of crude fiber (1–4%) are cellulose,
(1–3%) with a wide array of biological activities with significant nutritional, physiological,
cyanidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (72). Ash varies from 0.611%, with the
concentrations between 0.5% and 1%, which are malic and citric acids, the primary acids in
(0.0–121.4 mg/kg), luteolin rutinoside (67–2700 mg/kg), apigenin (1–480 mg/kg), apigenin
glucoside (12–680 mg/kg), apigenin diglucoside (90–480 mg/kg), apigenin rutinoside
(7.3–1130 mg/kg), diosmetin (1–37 mg/kg), and chrysoeriol-7-Oglucoside (580–840 mg/kg);
as for flavonols, rutin (13.8–3500 mg/kg), quercetin rutinoside (654–1210 mg/kg), and
quercetrin (1–129 mg/kg); as for flavan-3-ols, catechin (0.8–64.2 mg/kg); for simple
(30.8–11,400 mg/kg), and hydroxytyrsol glucoside (340–790 mg/kg); for phenoli alde-
hyde, vanillin (1.3–8.2 mg/kg); for phenoli acids, vanillic acid (12.8–110.1 mg/kg), caffeic
acid (1.60 mg/kg), gallic acid (7.4–55.8 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (5.4–44.5 mg/kg), hy-
acid (7–91.4 mg/kg), verbascoside (29 × 103 mg/kg), isoverbascoside (17,200 mg/kg),
p-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.6–23.8 mg/kg), cholorogenic acid (3.4–3.8 mg/kg), protocat-

Methods (brief)

samples from rats genotoxicity
(endonuclease III) samples produced treated almond milk
assay (Basic assay) In vitro digestion supernatants of
cells per sample (<10,000) genotoxic effects in DNA damage
biological samples, e.g., plant
1. Berger, K.P.; Kogut, K.R.; Bradman, A.; She, J.; Gavin, Q.; Zahedi, R.; Parra, K.L.; Harley, K.G. Personal care product use as a
1. Fiume, M.M.; Bergfeld, W.F.; Belsito, D.V.; Hill, R.A.; Klaassen, C.D.; Liebler, D.C.; Marks, J.G.; Shank, R.C.; Slaga, T.J.; Snyder,
1. Anter, J.; de Abreu-Abreu, N.; Fernández-Bedmar, Z.; Villatoro-Pulido, M.; Alonso-Moraga, Á.; Muñoz-Serrano, A. Targets of Red

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised