Giuseppe De Santis, Olubukunmi Amos Ilori , Diana Marisol Abrego-Guandique , Pierluigi Plastina ,

Overview

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Key numbers

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• 2.0 model) to milk and dairy products, which often serve as a suitable food matrix in
• review (Table 1). The selected literature primarily falls within the domains of Food Science
• reflecting its central role as a reference model in dairy and nutrition research (Table 1).
• The food matrices investigated across the included studies are summarised in Table 1.
• Table 1. Study reporting analytical technique methodology used post INFOGEST on milk and milk products, thematic area, and type of food.
• Bollom et al., 2021 (24) Food Science and Nutrition GC Reduced-fat milk (2%) bigels
• Table 2 summarises the macronutrients investigated using the INFOGEST 2.0
• Table 2. List of compounds studied with the INFOGEST protocol on macronutrients in food matrix.
• 37% to about 40%, as determined by the degree of hydrolysis
• Milk fat from sour cream exhibited low digestibility (61.1%,
• matrix diversity (in a meal) increased lipolysis (by 9% to
• 66.8%), potentially due to the flocculation-protecting effect of
• About 35% proteolysis of whey protein was observed,
• Short- and medium-chain (from 77.1% fatty acid release initially recorded). This
• gastric lipase (to 69.2%).
• acids examined have a Di above 90% (except alanine). The
• Comunian et al., 2024 (56) Lipids Protein and lipid digestibility 61.2%, with encapsulation ingredients added in free form
• in the digesta was significantly higher in WM sample (82.6%)
• Gwala et al., 2025 (62) Proteins Digestibility suitable for older adults while maintaining excellent protein
• non-classical micronutrients (Table 3). Minerals represent the most frequently studied
• Table 3. List of compounds studied with the INFOGEST 2.0 protocol on micronutrients and other
• Calcium, magnesium, potassium, >80%, magnesium/potassium/phosphorus >90%.
• Costa-Santos et al., 2024 (51) (Na), phosphorus (P) and Bioaccessibility both samples (> 60%). ORG showed the highest
• potassium (K) values of bioaccessible calcium (12–65%) against
• CNV (11–27%), while phosphorus was higher (74%)
• Rebellato et al., 2023 (43) selenium (Se); chromium (Cr); Bioaccessibility yoghurt (41%) than in plant yoghurt. Molybdenum
• cobalt (Co); molybdenum (Mo); bioaccessibility was very high at 71%.
• 41%) was significantly higher than that of milk
• (17.7%), as determined through INFOGEST. However,
• (between 19 and 34%). However, calcium
• dairy alternatives (between 5 and 20%) and whole
• GEST digestion protocol with intestinal or intestinal-related cell models (Table 4 and
• buffalo milk, which accounts for 15% of the global dairy usage, being the second-highest
• Overall digestibility values are typically high (80–99%), aligning well with in vivo
• range, others might have a higher level than calcium within the same food matrix (43,51).
• such as phenolics, dairy matrices can improve bioaccessibility (up to ~130%) but reduce
• A Standardised Static In Vitro Digestion Method Suitable for Food—An International Consensus. Food Funct. 2014, 5, 1113–1124.
• 91. Koornneef, S.; Horne, F.J.; Thio, H.B.; Mastrangeli, M.; Rottier, R.J.; Dik, W.A.; de Geus, E.D. Advances in Organ-on-a-Chip

Methods (brief)

• The INFOGEST protocol is a standardised in vitro digestion model widely utilised to
• digestion studies. By analysing 50 studies selected using a semi-automated method, this
• our understanding of dairy nutrition, digestion-derived bioactivity, and ultimately, the
• Keywords: INFOGEST; milk; dairy products; in vitro digestion; bioaccessibility
• study of in vitro digestion. The concept of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, also called di-
• gestomics, is a technique used to simulate and study the process of digestion of food outside
• digestion (2,3). There are two types of in vitro digestion that are commonly used: static
• 30 countries developing a static digestion method, modelled after a healthy adult digestion
• INFOGEST 2.0 model is a static digestion technique that maintains a constant pH at each
• stage of the digestion and a constant ratio between the meal and the digestive fluid. The
• digestion process is divided into three phases: oral, gastric, and intestinal (Figure 1). This
• allows for the evaluation of food digestion endpoints while avoiding the use of laboratory
• result of digestion (fatty acids, simple sugars, peptides/amino acids, etc.) (3), the study
• digestion is thus of great importance in providing tools towards a better understanding
• the INFOGEST protocol for the digestion of numerous food groups, the dairy group has
• understanding of the extended dairy digestion within the INFOGEST framework following
• tion(Title/Abstract) OR “in vitro digestion”(Title/Abstract) OR digestibility(Title/Abstract)
• digestion; (iv) full-text articles written in English. Exclusion criteria were: (i) reviews, meta-

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Infant Formula Powder
• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Root-Vegetable Purees
• Other cooking oils (canola, sunflower, coconut, avocado, sesame)
• Nickel
• Aluminum
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.