Heavy metals in Yogurt

Quick read

Yogurt in the HMI library has 373 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, CrVI, mercury (Hg), Mo, Sr, Ti and Tl from 34 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Amer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, Abou-Alella SAE · 2021Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Basaran B · 2025Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Metals Detected in Milk and Dairy Products in Türkiye: An Assessment in Terms of Human Exposure and Health RisksFoods 2025, 14, 2561Read source →}^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and total mercury and others, in 373 results from 34 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Amer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, Abou-Alella SAE · 2021Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}
Main drivers:
Yogurt, as sold from commercial/retail, conventional, packaged had total arsenic higher at 3.6 µg/kg, against 1 µg/kg for Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area) in the same study.^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Amer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, Abou-Alella SAE · 2021Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

Yogurt overview

Yogurt in the HMI library has 373 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, CrVI, Hg, Mo, Sr, Ti and Tl from 34 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Amer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, Abou-Alella SAE · 2021Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Basaran B · 2025Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Metals Detected in Milk and Dairy Products in Türkiye: An Assessment in Terms of Human Exposure and Health RisksFoods 2025, 14, 2561Read source →}^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in yogurt, as sold from 1,053 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 2.5 to 5.5 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, yogurt, as sold had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 5 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 0.01 µg/kg (Basaran 2025) to 418 µg/kg (AAEM et al. 2021).^{3Amer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, Abou-Alella SAE · 2021Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464Read source →}^{5Basaran B · 2025Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Metals Detected in Milk and Dairy Products in Türkiye: An Assessment in Terms of Human Exposure and Health RisksFoods 2025, 14, 2561Read source →} For cadmium, 6 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 0.02 µg/kg (Basaran 2025) to 63 µg/kg (Nwoke et al. 2021).^{5Basaran B · 2025Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Metals Detected in Milk and Dairy Products in Türkiye: An Assessment in Terms of Human Exposure and Health RisksFoods 2025, 14, 2561Read source →}^{7Nwoke SU, Ekere NR, Abugu HO, Ihedioha JN, Ezike CC, Odum PU, Eze SI · 2021Potential Toxic Elements (PTEs) and the Health Risk Impact of Some Dairy Products Marketed in NigeriaEurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021, 16(2): 01-09Read source →} Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Yogurt, as sold from commercial/retail, conventional, packaged had total arsenic higher at 3.6 µg/kg, against 1 µg/kg for Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area) in the same study.^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the yogurt came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as yogurt

This page covers yogurt, as sold (373 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Amer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, Abou-Alella SAE · 2021Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Basaran B · 2025Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Metals Detected in Milk and Dairy Products in Türkiye: An Assessment in Terms of Human Exposure and Health RisksFoods 2025, 14, 2561Read source →}^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →} Foods made from yogurt that have their own pages, such as frozen yogurt, are covered there.

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of yogurt

The table holds every extracted yogurt result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 373 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Amer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, Abou-Alella SAE · 2021Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Basaran B · 2025Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Metals Detected in Milk and Dairy Products in Türkiye: An Assessment in Terms of Human Exposure and Health RisksFoods 2025, 14, 2561Read source →}^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

8 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 46 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 8 values from 2 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{8Sarkis S, Kashmar R, Tzenios N, Hoteit M, Tannous T, Matta J · 2025Heavy Metal Contamination in Yogurt from Lebanon: Evaluating Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Concentrations Across Multiple RegionsToxicsRead source →}^{9Ogoko EC, Aletan UI, Osu CI, Kelle HI, Iroegbulem I, Emeziem D, Fagbohun AA, Ogoko NI, Adams AE · 2024Hazard and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Non-Alcoholic Beverage Consumed in Abia State, NigeriaJ. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 28(9): 2575-2583Read source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of yogurt, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

311 of 311 findings · 26 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Yogurt findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

58 findings · 21 studies · 12 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2019	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2017	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2014	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1996–2014	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2013	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2016	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldAAEM et al. 2021	laboratory artisanal manufacture, fermentationCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldauthors 2025	productCollection date unreported	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 1.4 µg/kg (minimum); 7.6 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldOgoko et al. 2024	Table 1 category 'yogurt'Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Akkar region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	All regions (11 regions pooled)Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Baalbeck-Hermel region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 118 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Baalbeck-Hermel region, LebanonCollection date unreported	max.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Batroun region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Bekaa region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Chouf region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Jbeil region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Kesserwan region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Metn region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Nabatiyeh region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	North Area region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 125 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	North Area region, LebanonCollection date unreported	max.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	South Lebanon region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 115 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	South Lebanon region, LebanonCollection date unreported	max.
Yogurt, as soldSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldZvěřina et al. 2025	all samples in categoryCollection date unreported	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldAl 2010	Milk and Milk Product, Riyadh city markets, May 20092009Dry weight	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCantoral et al. 2024	Dairy products (retail, Mexico City)2022–2023Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 4.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 270 µg/kg (minimum); 5,380 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 270 µg/kg (minimum); 5,400 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 259 µg/kg (minimum); 5,350 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-1)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-2)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-3)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-4)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-5)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-6)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-7)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-8)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.

51 findings · 20 studies · 11 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2000–2019	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2017	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1996–2014	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2013	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldAAEM et al. 2021	laboratory artisanal manufacture, fermentationCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNguyen et al. 2024	retail stores2019–2020	mean.Same samples: 895 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldNguyen et al. 2024	retail stores2019–2020	min.
Yogurt, as soldNguyen et al. 2024	retail stores2019–2020	max.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldOgoko et al. 2024	Table 1 category 'yogurt'Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Akkar region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Akkar region, LebanonCollection date unreported	max.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	All regions (11 regions pooled)Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Baalbeck-Hermel region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 76 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Baalbeck-Hermel region, LebanonCollection date unreported	max.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Batroun region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Bekaa region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Chouf region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Jbeil region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Kesserwan region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Metn region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	Nabatiyeh region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	North Area region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 94 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	North Area region, LebanonCollection date unreported	max.
Yogurt, as soldSarkis et al. 2025	South Lebanon region, LebanonCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldZmudzinska et al. 2022	Polish market (Bialystok stores and Polish online stores)2020–2021	mean.
Yogurt, as soldZvěřina et al. 2025	all samples in categoryCollection date unreported	median.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 0.03 µg/kg (minimum); 0.33 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 110 µg/kg (minimum); 598 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 110 µg/kg (minimum); 598 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 112 µg/kg (minimum); 538 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011Basis not stated	mean.

20 findings · 10 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2023	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2016	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2002–2017	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2014	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2013	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldauthors 2025	productCollection date unreported	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 12.8 µg/kg (minimum); 16.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.

8 findings · 5 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2023	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 0.1 µg/kg (minimum); 1.3 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014	European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not stated	mean.

2 findings · 1 study
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2022–2023	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.

27 findings · 10 studies · 5 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2001–2002	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2010–2015	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2014	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNguyen et al. 2024	retail stores2019–2020	mean.Same samples: 83.3 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldNguyen et al. 2024	retail stores2019–2020	min.
Yogurt, as soldNguyen et al. 2024	retail stores2019–2020	max.
Yogurt, as soldPankiewicz 2012	producer A (code 3A)Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldPankiewicz 2012	producer A (code 4A)Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldPankiewicz 2012	producer C (code 1C)Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldPankiewicz 2012	producer C (code 4C)Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldPankiewicz 2012	producer D (code 2D)Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldPankiewicz 2012	producer D (code 6D)Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	median.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 20 µg/kg (maximum); 10 µg/kg (percentile)
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2012	EU occurrence data2004–2011Basis not stated	percentile.

18 findings · 11 studies
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (LB)2003–2012	mean.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2015	EU Member State submissions to EFSA, all samples (UB)2003–2012	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	sample 18 (cow-milk natural yogurt, comparison)2022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.

21 findings · 13 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldauthors 2025	productCollection date unreported	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013	mean.
Yogurt, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014	all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 2.1 µg/kg (minimum); 521 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldOgoko et al. 2024	Table 1 category 'yogurt'Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	sample 18 (cow-milk natural yogurt, comparison)2022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

16 findings · 10 studies · 6 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Yogurt, as soldAAEM et al. 2021	laboratory artisanal manufacture, fermentationCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area), text value2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	sample 18 (cow-milk natural yogurt, comparison)2022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 120 µg/kg (minimum); 1,840 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 240 µg/kg (minimum); 1,420 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 170 µg/kg (minimum); 1,890 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.

14 findings · 6 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2009	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1996–2005	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Yogurt, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2002	median.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area), text value2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 2 µg/kg (minimum); 10.2 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.

3 findings · 3 studies
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.

2 findings · 1 study
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.
Yogurt, as soldFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020	median.

7 findings · 6 studies
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldOgoko et al. 2024	Table 1 category 'yogurt'Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	sample 18 (cow-milk natural yogurt, comparison)2022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.

23 findings · 8 studies · 8 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area), text value2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 45.5 µg/kg (minimum); 110 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Yogurt, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldOgoko et al. 2024	Table 1 category 'yogurt'Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 14 µg/kg (minimum); 1,670 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 16 µg/kg (minimum); 1,640 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 16 µg/kg (minimum); 1,940 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-1)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-2)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-3)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-4)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-5)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-6)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-7)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldShahriar et al. 2014	local market sample, Chittagong (MY-8)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.

5 findings · 3 studies
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldOgoko et al. 2024	Table 1 category 'yogurt'Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

7 findings · 4 studies
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Ayran (yogurt drink), retail products from Türkiye chain stores,Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldBasaran 2025	Yogurt, retail products from Türkiye chain stores, supermarketsCollection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldOgoko et al. 2024	Table 1 category 'yogurt'Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

12 findings · 5 studies · 6 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area), text value2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	commercial/retail, conventional, packaged2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldMarcus et al. 2026	organic farm, Salaj County (raw milk / farm-processed)2025	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 12019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 22019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldNwoke et al. 2021	retail yoghurt brand 32019	mean.
Yogurt, as soldOgoko et al. 2024	Table 1 category 'yogurt'Collection date unreported	mean.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 2,620 µg/kg (minimum); 12,100 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 2,650 µg/kg (minimum); 14,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 2,550 µg/kg (minimum); 22,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.

2 findings · 2 studies
Yogurt, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

4 findings · 2 studies · 6 spread figures folded in
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 1 µg/kg (minimum); 62 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Central Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 11 µg/kg (minimum); 19 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Eastern Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 15 µg/kg (minimum); 34 µg/kg (maximum)
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	min.
Yogurt, as soldIssa et al. 2016	Yoghurt, supermarkets in Western Alexandria (Y)2015Basis not stated	max.

4 findings · 4 studies
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	sample 18 (cow-milk natural yogurt, comparison)2022	not detected.
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Yogurt, as soldSong et al. 2024	all samplesCollection date unreported	not detected.

1 finding · 1 study
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	not detected.

2 findings · 2 studies
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	Sample R, lot 12022	mean.
Yogurt, as soldRebellato et al. 2023	sample 18 (cow-milk natural yogurt, comparison)2022	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Yogurt, as soldCrupi et al. 2022	retail, markets in SicilyCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Yogurt, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 19_1222014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI yogurt Pb reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Pb reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤10
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤10

71 reference units; 6 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	59	17%
FDA Total Diet Study	6	17%
authors 2025	1	17%
Nwoke et al. 2021	3	17%
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	17%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	17%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

6 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-429b4b54a404:9807f1ad58e7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Cd reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Cd reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤4

64 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	56	25%
FDA Total Diet Study	6	25%
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	25%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-13dd2009ade3:43bcc797a68a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt tAs reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt tAs reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤4	≤4.21
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤4	≤4

47 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	40	33%
FDA Total Diet Study	6	33%
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	33%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-76d705d4783a:a1dabe4c7c82

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt iAs reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt iAs reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤3	≤10	≤20
Alternative weighting	≤3	≤10	≤20

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-48069da8b678:11f5bbcc41f2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt DMA reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt DMA reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤20	≤20	≤20
Alternative weighting	≤20	≤20	≤20

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-1e7e976e0104:c9893f5a59af

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt tHg reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt tHg reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.25	≤1	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤0.25	≤1	≤4

33 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	24	25%
FDA Total Diet Study	6	25%
Dabeka et al. 2003	2	25%
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-6b7727d02ac8:c868f3396b66

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Ni reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Ni reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤22	≤40
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤22	≤40

7 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	6	50%
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-2da56e0db19d:a957ba58a7df

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Cr reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Cr reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2	≤17	15–40 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤2	≤17	15–40 (bounded)

11 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	6	25%
authors 2025	1	25%
Nwoke et al. 2021	3	25%
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-9f88508352c3:922fc00dd61e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Al reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Al reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤200	≤218	491
Alternative weighting	≤200	≤218	491

4 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	3	50%
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-00e0d297179a:6b557d8dadb2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Sn reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Sn reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	12.9	25.1
Alternative weighting	≤4	12.9	25.1

7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	7	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-c43950226aee:539c8570d53f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Sb reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Sb reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤4

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Rebellato et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Rebellato et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-781799ca9862:2972718c89a2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt U reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt U reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-50440bfab935:3d53899b8c31

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Co reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Co reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤4

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Rebellato et al. 2023	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Rebellato et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Rebellato et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-880ade9cc6d5:af15a8b5e7a5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Cu reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Cu reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.01	≤0.01	≤0.01
Alternative weighting	≤0.01	≤0.01	≤0.01

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Nwoke et al. 2021	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Nwoke et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Nwoke et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-b8aa25624d3f:1bdc46b1148f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt Mn reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt Mn reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.01	≤0.01	≤0.01
Alternative weighting	≤0.01	≤0.01	≤0.01

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Nwoke et al. 2021	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Nwoke et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Nwoke et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-5de890b487dc:77807f89807e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI yogurt CrVI reference · Yogurt, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI yogurt CrVI reference · Yogurt, as sold. Yogurt, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.1	≤0.1	≤0.1
Alternative weighting	≤0.1	≤0.1	≤0.1

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Song et al. 2024	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for yogurt, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Song et al. 2024 is the only compatible sampling family for yogurt, as sold on this basis in the completed yogurt ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Song et al. 2024

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:yogurt-704012771a9b:04fafcee316e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach yogurt

The evidence on how metals reach yogurt comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Yogurt, as sold from commercial/retail, conventional, packaged had total arsenic higher at 3.6 µg/kg, against 1 µg/kg for Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area) in the same study.^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →}

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in yogurt, as sold pools 71 subgroup units from 6 sampling families, with a median of below 4 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 4 (lower quartile) and below 10 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{7Nwoke SU, Ekere NR, Abugu HO, Ihedioha JN, Ezike CC, Odum PU, Eze SI · 2021Potential Toxic Elements (PTEs) and the Health Risk Impact of Some Dairy Products Marketed in NigeriaEurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021, 16(2): 01-09Read source →}^{10Ana Paula Rebellato, Maria Isabel Andrekowisk Fioravanti, Raquel Fernanda Milani, Marcelo Antonio Morgano · 2023Inorganic Contaminants in Plant-Based Yogurts Commercialized in BrazilInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →}^{11Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For cadmium in yogurt, as sold, the reference median was below 1 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to below 4 µg/kg across 64 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{10Ana Paula Rebellato, Maria Isabel Andrekowisk Fioravanti, Raquel Fernanda Milani, Marcelo Antonio Morgano · 2023Inorganic Contaminants in Plant-Based Yogurts Commercialized in BrazilInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →}^{11Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For total arsenic in yogurt, as sold, the reference median was below 4 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 3 to below 4.21 µg/kg across 47 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{10Ana Paula Rebellato, Maria Isabel Andrekowisk Fioravanti, Raquel Fernanda Milani, Marcelo Antonio Morgano · 2023Inorganic Contaminants in Plant-Based Yogurts Commercialized in BrazilInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, yogurt, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (2.5 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (5.5 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 11 groups of yogurt ranged from 4.7 µg/kg (Metn region, Lebanon) to 21.6 µg/kg (South Lebanon region, Lebanon); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{8Sarkis S, Kashmar R, Tzenios N, Hoteit M, Tannous T, Matta J · 2025Heavy Metal Contamination in Yogurt from Lebanon: Evaluating Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Concentrations Across Multiple RegionsToxicsRead source →} In another study, total mercury across 6 groups of yogurt ranged from 30 µg/kg (producer A (code 3A)) to 70 µg/kg (producer C (code 1C)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{12Pankiewicz U · 2012Monitoring of total mercury level in selected dairy products from the south-east regions of PolandEcological Chemistry and Engineering ARead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

No processing study for metals in this food is in the library yet.

Mitigation for yogurt

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →} Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing yogurt for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.01 µg/kg (Nwoke et al. 2021) to 3,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{7Nwoke SU, Ekere NR, Abugu HO, Ihedioha JN, Ezike CC, Odum PU, Eze SI · 2021Potential Toxic Elements (PTEs) and the Health Risk Impact of Some Dairy Products Marketed in NigeriaEurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021, 16(2): 01-09Read source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.017 µg/kg (Zmudzinska et al. 2022) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{13Zmudzinska A, Puscion-Jakubik A, Bielecka J, Grabia M, Soroczynska J, Mielcarek K, Socha K · 2022Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish MarketNutrients 14(11):2325Read source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 3 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 200 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying yogurt

No maximum level for metals in yogurt was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from yogurt

No source in the library converted yogurt concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names yogurt was decided on its content: 34 occurrence extracted, 34 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Yogurt FAQs

What heavy metals are found in yogurt?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ba, CrVI, Hg, Mo, Sr, Ti and Tl in yogurt, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Amer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, Abou-Alella SAE · 2021Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureJournal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2025Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inPeer-reviewed articleRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in yogurt, as sold from 1,053 results in 3 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 2.5 to 5.5 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How do heavy metals get into yogurt?

In the studies available, yogurt from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than yogurt from the same study’s control.^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →} Yogurt, as sold from commercial/retail, conventional, packaged had total arsenic higher at 3.6 µg/kg, against 1 µg/kg for Buffalo yogurt (farm-origin, Certeze area) in the same study.^{6Marcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, Popescu M, Codea AR, Purdoiu RC, Lacatus R, Petrescu-Mag IV, Nicolescu A, Bora FD · 2026From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSToxics 2026, 14, 124Read source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in yogurt?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, yogurt, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in WPRO (2.5 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (5.5 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in yogurt is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 10 results from 5 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{14Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, Font G, Yusà V · 2018Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →}^{15Baxter M, Brereton N · 2015Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →}^{16Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}^{17European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →} Marín et al. 2018 reported inorganic arsenic at 0.8 µg/kg (mean) in yogurt, as sold from Milk and dairy products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-2011.^{14Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, Font G, Yusà V · 2018Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Lead, cadmium, and aluminum in raw bovine milk: Residue level, estimated intake, and fate during artisanal dairy manufactureAmer AAEM, Abo El-Makarem HS, El-Maghraby MAE, and Abou-Alella SAE · Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 8(3):454-464 · 2021 · doi.org/10.5455/javar.2021.h534Peer-reviewed
Evaluation of Concentrations and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic inUnknown authors · Peer-reviewed article · 2025 · doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v29i9.58Peer-reviewed
Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Metals Detected in Milk and Dairy Products in Türkiye: An Assessment in Terms of Human Exposure and Health RisksBasaran B · Foods 2025, 14, 2561 · 2025 · doi.org/10.3390/foods14152561Peer-reviewed
From Farm to Retail: Decoding the Elemental Landscape of Milk and Dairy Products Across Organic and Conventional Production Systems Using ICP-MSMarcus OI, Tabaran A, Crisan Reget OL, Dan SD, Panait LC, Lacatus CM, et al. · Toxics 2026, 14, 124 · 2026 · doi.org/10.3390/toxics14020124Peer-reviewed
Potential Toxic Elements (PTEs) and the Health Risk Impact of Some Dairy Products Marketed in NigeriaNwoke SU, Ekere NR, Abugu HO, Ihedioha JN, Ezike CC, Odum PU, et al. · Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021, 16(2): 01-09 · 2021 · eurasianjournals.comPeer-reviewed
Heavy Metal Contamination in Yogurt from Lebanon: Evaluating Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Concentrations Across Multiple RegionsSarkis S, Kashmar R, Tzenios N, Hoteit M, Tannous T, and Matta J · Toxics · 2025 · doi.org/10.3390/toxics13060499Peer-reviewed
Hazard and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Non-Alcoholic Beverage Consumed in Abia State, NigeriaOgoko EC, Aletan UI, Osu CI, Kelle HI, Iroegbulem I, Emeziem D, et al. · J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 28(9): 2575-2583 · 2024 · doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i9.1Peer-reviewed
Inorganic Contaminants in Plant-Based Yogurts Commercialized in BrazilAna Paula Rebellato, Maria Isabel Andrekowisk Fioravanti, Raquel Fernanda Milani, and Marcelo Antonio Morgano · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2023 · doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043707Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Monitoring of total mercury level in selected dairy products from the south-east regions of PolandPankiewicz U · Ecological Chemistry and Engineering A · 2012 · doi.org/10.2428/ecea.2012.19(01)014Peer-reviewed
Health Safety Assessment of Ready-to-Eat Products Consumed by Children Aged 0.5–3 Years on the Polish MarketZmudzinska A, Puscion-Jakubik A, Bielecka J, Grabia M, Soroczynska J, Mielcarek K, et al. · Nutrients 14(11):2325 · 2022 · doi.org/10.3390/nu14112325Peer-reviewed
Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, et al. · Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670 · 2018 · doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.005Peer-reviewed
Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodBaxter M and Brereton N · Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 · 2015 · www.food.gov.ukGovernment
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment
Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Yogurt Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every yogurt record in the library: 34 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

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European Food Safety Authority

Heavy metals in Yogurt

Yogurt overview

What counts as yogurt

Heavy metal contamination profile of yogurt

How metals reach yogurt

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for yogurt

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing yogurt for metals

Buying and verifying yogurt

Exposure from yogurt

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Yogurt FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Referenced by

Graph View

Heavy metals in Yogurt

Yogurt overview

What counts as yogurt

Heavy metal contamination profile of yogurt

How metals reach yogurt

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for yogurt

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing yogurt for metals

Buying and verifying yogurt

Exposure from yogurt

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Yogurt FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View