Woreta et al. 2023 - lupine seed metals in Ethiopia

Woreta et al. (2023) measured Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in lupine seeds and paired agricultural soils from four districts of South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. The routeable occurrence values are the Table 4 seed concentrations in mg/kg; Table 5 soil values and Table 7 bioaccumulation factors are pathway context and should not be pooled as product concentrations. The paper reports total-element measurements only, with no arsenic, mercury, or chromium speciation.

Key numbers

Table 4 reports district-level lupine-seed concentrations as mean +/- SD in mg/kg. The source also lists FAO/WHO (2001) permissible limits; those are the paper’s own comparators, not HMTc thresholds.

The abstract and conclusion summarize the same seed ranges as Mn 292-309 mg/kg, Co 44.5-48 mg/kg, Fe 148-155 mg/kg, Zn 92.5-98.8 mg/kg, Ni 68.5-73.4 mg/kg, Cu 85.4-92.2 mg/kg, Cr 36.6-39.9 mg/kg, Cd 9.23-10.5 mg/kg, and Pb 12.2-12.7 mg/kg. The paper states that Mn, Co, Fe, and Zn were below its cited maximum allowable limits, while Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb exceeded those source-listed limits.

Table 5 reports paired soil concentrations in mg/kg: Cr 53.3 +/- 0.9 to 60.5 +/- 1.2, Mn 566 +/- 1 to 577 +/- 1, Fe 332 +/- 1 to 337 +/- 2, Co 64.9 +/- 0.1 to 75.5 +/- 1.0, Ni 83.1 +/- 0.0 to 103 +/- 0, Cu 148 +/- 1 to 160 +/- 1, Zn 191 +/- 2 to 197 +/- 1, Cd 17.7 +/- 0.2 to 18.2 +/- 0.1, and Pb 20.9 +/- 0.1 to 21.4 +/- 0.1. The authors report that soil Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd exceeded their cited WHO soil limits, while Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Pb were below those limits.

Table 7 reports bioaccumulation factors below 1.0 for every metal and district. The lowest BAF in the table is Fe 0.448 at Dera, and the highest is Ni 0.824 at Farta. The text states that BAF values were between 0.4 and 1.0, indicating transfer from soil to crop without BAF values above unity.

Methods (brief)

The study collected lupine seed and topsoil samples from Estie, Andabet, Dera, and Farta in South Gondar Zone between October and December 2020. Seed samples were rinsed with deionized water, air-dried, pulverized, sieved through 105 micrometer, and stored refrigerated. A 0.5 g seed aliquot was digested with 1 mL HNO3 and 5 mL HClO4 at 200 degrees C for 60 min, diluted to 50 mL, and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a Buck Scientific Model 210VGP AAS. Soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm topsoil, dried, sieved, digested separately, and analyzed with the same instrument. The method reports seed LODs from 0.031 to 0.235 mg/kg, seed LOQs from 0.101 to 0.785 mg/kg, and recovery ranges of 93.75% to 117.17% for lupine and 82.39-108.74% for soil.

Implications

This source adds Ethiopian lupine-seed occurrence data for the broad legumes/pulses product family, with paired soil measurements documenting a soil-to-crop pathway. Because the paper reports district-level composite means rather than individual sample measurements, downstream evidence use should retain the district and composite-sampling context. Soil-only concentrations should remain exposure-pathway context and should not be routed as edible lupine occurrence values.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• legumes-pulses-other
• legumes
• chromium
• manganese
• iron
• cobalt
• nickel
• copper
• zinc
• cadmium
• lead

Verification notes

• Identity checks before writing found no existing DOI, raw-handle, or cite-key page for 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105218, MFK_occurrence-and-accumulation-of-metals-in-lupine, or woreta2023-lupine-seeds-metals-ethiopia.
• Table 4, Table 5, and Table 7 were re-opened from /tmp/hmi-june9-052.txt before drafting. Seed means, SDs, soil ranges, and BAF extrema are transcribed without conversion.
• Units preserved: seed and soil concentrations remain in mg/kg; the source does not report wet-weight/as-consumed conversion factors.
• Speciation: chromium is total Cr by FAAS; Cr-VI was not reported. The source does not report arsenic or mercury.
• Matrix separation: Table 4 lupine seed values are product occurrence values; Table 5 soil concentrations and Table 7 BAF/MAI values are retained as pathway context only.
• Missing slug note: the taxonomy snapshot has no exact lupine or lupine-seeds ingredient/product slug. Frontmatter uses the broad existing [[ingredients/legumes]] and [[products/legumes-pulses-other]] slugs.
• Brand firewall: no commercial brands were present. Instrument and reagent vendor names are methods details rather than product contamination values.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.