Legumes and Pulses, Other
Beans (black, kidney, pinto, navy, cannellini, lima), lentils, chickpeas, split peas, and derived foods that are legume-based (hummus, bean pastas like chickpea-pasta and lentil-pasta). Clean baseline of the Row 8 / Row 9 / Row 10 clean-contaminated triplet: soy products (row 9) and peanuts (row 10) are split out as separate contaminated rows because both carry categorical platform load distinct from other legumes/pulses.
This page is a Step 0 lock scaffold for Cat 4 Row 8. Literature evidence will be populated as routed source pages accumulate per the synthesis workflow in CLAUDE.md Part 9. The Step 0 lock document at Category4_Step_0_Output_LOCKED.md is the canonical reference for the row’s clean-vs-contaminated framing and platform attribution.
Who this page is for
Brand legal teams evaluating HMTc Cat 4 certification for the Legumes and Pulses, Other row need to know what the cited literature reports per panel metal, what the applicable regulatory caps are, and how this row relates to its clean-contaminated pair (when applicable). Retailer compliance teams stocking the produce, dried-goods, and snack aisles need the row-level assortment-eligibility view. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page.
Methodology
This page reports what the cited sources say about heavy-metal concentrations in the Legumes and Pulses, Other row. Speciation is non-substitutable per CLAUDE.md Part 14 (iAs vs tAs, MeHg vs tHg, Cr-VI vs total Cr). Basis is preserved (as-sold or as-consumed depending on the product form). Non-detect handling follows each source’s convention. Pooling avoided across LOD/LOQ, period, geography, and analytical-basis differences. HMT&C certification thresholds for products in this row are developed under the certification program at heavymetaltested.com, not on this page; this public page reports literature evidence only.
Cat 4 lock empirical basis: Pass 2 occurrence-data extraction from the heavymetalindex.com wiki corpus (build claude/zealous-bhabha-d422c9, 896 source pages). The Step 0 lock document at Category4_Step_0_Output_LOCKED.md records the splitting decisions and platform attributions; this row inherits its scope from that document.
Pair relationship
This is the clean-baseline row of a Cat 4 clean-contaminated split. The contaminated counterparts are Row 9 (Soy Products), Row 10 (Peanuts). The Step 0 lock documents the categorical metal-load difference attributable to the contaminated row’s platform ingredient(s); the clean baseline row certifies against limits set to genuinely clean-achievable levels independent of the platform.
Literature Evidence Summary
Literature Evidence Summary
The table below summarizes what the peer-reviewed and government literature cited on this page reports for heavy-metal concentrations in Legumes and Pulses, Other. Values are pulled directly from cited sources without re-aggregation; pooling, percentile selection, and threshold math sit in the staff Standards Workbench rather than this public page.
Methodology rules for speciation, basis preservation, non-detect handling, and source pooling are stated in the Methodology section above and apply to every row below.
| Analyte | Subcategory | Reported concentration range | Detection rate | Applicable regulatory cap | Sources | Confidence | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | Legumes and Pulses, Other (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Cd | Legumes and Pulses, Other (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Al | Legumes and Pulses, Other (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
| Ni | Legumes and Pulses, Other (no contributing evidence loaded) | No concentration data loaded for this analyte | Sample-level detection rate not reported | No applicable cap loaded | 0 | data gap | Basis not reported |
Source Evidence Inventory
_Hand-curated section. Populated by the synthesis pass as Cat 4 sources route to this row. Initial scaffold state: zero contributing sources. The Cat 4 corpus search prioritizes sources reporting concentration data on the specific commodity in this row; broad-scope produce surveys are filed under the master.
Broad Product Context: Author-Scope Index
Pending: regenerated by tools/evidence/apply-product-broad-context.mjs once broad-scope Cat 4 sources route to this page.
Federal/Regulatory Limits vs Field Findings
Pending. Cat 4 regulatory landscape: Codex GSCTFF and EU Regulation 2023/915 set finished-product limits on fruits and vegetables (Pb, Cd) and on specific commodities (e.g., spinach Cd at 0.20 mg/kg per eu-2023-915); FDA Closer-to-Zero applies to infant fruit purées (Cat 1, not Cat 4) but informs the regulatory baseline; California Prop 65 covers cumulative Pb/Cd exposure across produce categories. Awaiting agency-page ingest.
Levers to reduce contamination
The Cat 4 Step 0 lock framework distinguishes lower-contamination row produce/seed rows from contaminated-platform commodity rows (where species or production system carries elevated metal load by characteristic). For this row, the levers below are ordered by impact magnitude per the literature evidence base; sourcing-and-agronomic levers dominate the per-product metal load, with processing-and-formulation levers offering additional reduction.
- Maintain the clean-baseline commodity choice. The Row 8 clean baseline exists precisely because alternative commodities (without the platform load) are commercially available within the same product class. Brands certifying this row commit to NOT using the contaminated variant’s ingredient class as a substitute.
- Sourcing-level controls: origin region, soil-Cd or paddy-iAs pre-screening, supplier specification.
- Agronomic levers: soil amendments, water management, cultivar selection.
- Processing levers where applicable: washing, peeling, blanching for fresh-cut and frozen formats.
- Testing/QC levers: lot-level ICP-MS on raw commodity and finished product.
How standards math uses this page
The percentile arithmetic that informs HMTc Cat 4 thresholds for this row lives on the staff Standards Workbench (data/workbench/standards/legumes-pulses-other.md, to be generated). This public page reports literature evidence; the workbench applies the Cat 4 methodology (which includes the literature evidence occurrence-data-driven derivation and below-LOQ regulatory-floor fallback per the Step 0 lock) to produce candidate threshold values. The gap between literature evidence and HMTc thresholds is named honestly on the workbench, not hidden.
Historical recalls and enforcement
Cat 4 (produce, nuts, seeds) regulatory enforcement intersects two domains: heavy-metal contamination (the focus of this row) and microbial contamination (FDA recall notices for E. coli/Salmonella/Listeria in fresh produce, a separate concern). FDA Total Diet Study and Pesticide Data Program surveillance reports establish the heavy-metal occurrence baseline (FDA 2022). State-level Cd-in-leafy-greens enforcement has been active in California under Prop 65; the related Mateel Environmental settlement framework has shaped compliance practice. Per CLAUDE.md Part 12, individual brand recall actions are not enumerated here.
Sources
Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.
| # | Citation | Year | Type | Used on this page for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ccopi et al. 2026. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in high Andean crops of the Peruvian Andes: comparative evaluation between irrigated and dry systems, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | PE Cd, Pb, tAs, Cr, Ni concentrations (n=218) |
| 2 | Chaura et al. 2026. Nutritional and Biochemical Diversity in Beans Accessions from Three Phaseolus Species Using Multiomics Characterization, ACS Nutrition Science | 2026 | Peer-reviewed | CO/MX/PE Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg, Cr occurrence in 46 genebank accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris (n=35), P. lunatus (n=7), and P. acutifolius (n=4) from 19 countries, sourced… (n=46) |
| 3 | Jaudenes-Marrero et al. 2024. Analysis of toxic element levels and health risks in different soybean species (Glycine max, Vigna radiata, Vigna angularis, Vigna mungo), Nutrients | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | ES/IT Al, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, Ba, Li, Sr, V occurrence in Ninety retail samples of four edible bean species marketed as soybean-type foods, purchased in Spain and Italy and… (n=90) |
| 4 | Wu 2024. Contamination of Heavy Metal(Loid)S in Cereals, Vegetables, and Legumes Purchased from Local Markets of Jiaozuo, China and The Associated Health Risk Assessment, International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 2(1): 180-200 | 2024 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb, Cd, Cr, tAs, tHg, Ni, Cu, Zn occurrence in 244 retail food samples purchased from 13 sampling points (6 supermarkets, 6 farmers’ markets, 1 wholesale market) across… (n=244) |
| 5 | Kharkwal et al. 2023. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in cooked beans and vegetables in Punjab, North India, Food Science & Nutrition | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | IN tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg occurrence in Cooked beans and cooked vegetable preparations collected from 150 selected households across 30 urban and rural locations in… (n=150) |
| 6 | Woreta et al. 2023. Occurrence and accumulation of metals in lupine seeds in Ethiopia, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | ET Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb occurrence in Lupine seed samples collected October-December 2020 from three sampling sites in each of four South Gondar Zone districts… (n=12) |
| 7 | Yu et al. 2023. Toxic Elements in Beans from Zhejiang, Southeast China: Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment, Foods | 2023 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, tHg, Pb occurrence in Black bean, broad bean, mung bean, soybean, red bean, kidney bean, and pea samples purchased from local commercial… (n=692) |
| 8 | Kumar et al. 2022. Lead (Pb) Contamination in Agricultural Products and Human Health Risk Assessment in Bangladesh, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 233:257 | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | BD Pb occurrence in Published Pb concentration data for commonly consumed agricultural foods and food products in Bangladesh. (n=Literature survey covering three cereals, five pulses, ten fruits, and 34 vegetables/other agricultural food items) |
| 9 | Mawari et al. 2022. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fruits and Vegetables and Human Health Risk Assessment: Findings From Maharashtra, India, Environmental Health Insights | 2022 | Peer-reviewed | IN Pb, Cd, tAs, tHg occurrence in 24 frequently consumed crop types — 11 vegetables and 13 fruits/legumes — collected from farms near Solapur, an… (n=24) |
| 10 | Galal et al. 2021. Heavy metals uptake by the global economic crop (Pisum sativum L.) grown in contaminated soils and its associated health risks, PLoS ONE | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | EG Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ag, Co, V occurrence in Pisum sativum (garden pea) plants from 2 non-polluted farms and 2 polluted farms (5 quadrats per farm, 1… (n=20) |
| 11 | Román-Ochoa et al. 2021. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru, Chemosphere | 2021 | Peer-reviewed | PE tAs, Cd, Sn, Pb, tHg concentrations (n=53) |
| 12 | TatahMentan et al. 2020. Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2020 | Peer-reviewed | US/CA/TH tAs, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn occurrence in Rice and other grains purchased from local stores in Louisiana, USA: 28 white rice samples, 11 brown rice… |
| 13 | Alam et al. 2019. Arsenic accumulation in lentil (Lens culinaris) genotypes and risk associated with the consumption of grains, Scientific Reports | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | US tAs occurrence in Controlled greenhouse pot experiment at Washington State University using three lentil genotypes (pardina, red chief, and precoz), three… (n=81) |
| 14 | Hussain et al. 2019. Arsenic and Heavy Metal (Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Nickel) Contamination in Plant-Based Foods, Plant and Human Health, Volume 2 | 2019 | Book chapter | GLOBAL tAs, Cd, Pb, tHg, Ni occurrence in Review chapter compiling published occurrence ranges for arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel in plant-based foods including cereal… |
| 15 | Wang et al. 2019. Dietary Lead Exposure and Associated Health Risks in Guangzhou, China, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 2019 | Peer-reviewed | CN Pb occurrence in Food safety risk monitoring samples from Guangzhou, China, collected during 2014-2017 across 27 food categories; consumption inputs came… (n=6339) |
| 16 | Al et al. 2018. Environmental exposure assessment of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in different Palestinian canned foods, Agriculture & Food Security 7:50 | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | PS Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn occurrence in 16 canned food samples (4 brand-product combinations each of beans, chickpeas, corn, mushroom) purchased from a single supermarket… (n=16) |
| 17 | Islam et al. 2018. Assessment of heavy metals in foods around the industrial areas: Health hazard inference in Bangladesh, Geocarto International | 2018 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Seventy-five composite samples of rice, sponge gourd, bitter gourd, papaya, okra, bean, brinjal, and chili collected by hand… (n=75) |
| 18 | Ataee et al. 2016. Application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for ultra-trace determination of lead and cadmium in cereals and agricultural products, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 96(3):271-283 | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd occurrence in 21 cereal composites (7 grain types — rice, wheat, barley, peas, beans, corn, lentil — × 3 local… (n=21) |
| 19 | X-D et al. 2016. Levels and potential health risk of heavy metals in marketed vegetables in Zhejiang, China, Scientific Reports | 2016 | Peer-reviewed | CN tAs, Cd, Cr, tHg, Ni, Pb occurrence in Five thousand seven hundred eighty-five vegetable samples of 28 species collected from Zhejiang province, China, from March to… (n=5785) |
| 20 | EFSA 2015. Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of nickel in food and drinking water, EFSA Journal 2015;13(2):4002, 202 pp. | 2015 | Government report | EU Ni occurrence in 18,885 food samples and 25,700 drinking water samples (final dataset after exclusions) submitted to EFSA from 15 European… (n=18885) |
| 21 | Iyabo et al. 2015. Toxic and Essential Metals in Staple Foods Commonly Consumed by Students in Ekiti State, South West, Nigeria, International Journal of Chemistry | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | NG Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb occurrence in Thirty listed staple food items identified from a questionnaire of 200 volunteered Ekiti State University students and purchased… (n=30) |
| 22 | Pirsaheb et al. 2015. Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, Surveillance | 2015 | Peer-reviewed | IR Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu occurrence in 150 packed cereal samples representing 7 commodity types (rice, wheat, corn, peas, lentil, bean, split peas) collected from… (n=150) |
| 23 | Islam et al. 2014. Heavy Metals in Cereals and Pulses: Health Implications in Bangladesh, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | 2014 | Peer-reviewed | BD Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, tAs, Cd, Pb occurrence in Composite samples of rice, wheat, maize, lentil, and black gram collected from agricultural fields in the Bogra district… (n=144) |
| 24 | Uneyama et al. 2007. Arsenic in various foods: Cumulative data, Food Additives & Contaminants | 2007 | Peer-reviewed | JP/US/GB tAs, iAs occurrence in Cumulative review of arsenic measurements in food from PubMed, Japanese local-authority research databases, and national food-safety surveillance reports;… |
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ae6c129 | 2026-07-01 | feat(auth): large login + role-based signup screens (design, burgundy) |