Arsenic contamination in rice, radiation and chemical methods

Overview

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Key numbers

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components in rice (Table 1). when you measure their (=
Table 1 Properties and forms of arsenic (Sources: Discussant et al. 1988; FAO 2019; González De Chávez Capilla 2018; Cullen and Reimer
From Fig. 1, it is clear that DMA is unstable. the form of arsenic outside the human body, it is inorganic,
cellulose (50%), lignin (25–30%), silica (15–20%), and
trations of around 1 mg/kg’’ (Signes-Pastor et al. 2017).14
As shown in (Tables 2, 3), iAs/tAs is higher when rice
husk (Fig. 2). ‘‘Rice husk contains about 30–50% of consumption with arsenic exposure early in life. JAMA pedi-
percentages iAs in rice noodles (64%) and plain steamed the main source of dietary intake of iAs for different
rice-rolls (one of the not mentioned mixed dishes) (65%) countries’’his means that the amount of iAs is not reduced
Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment chicken patties), and rice bran is set not to exceed 3.5% of
Table 2 Mean concentration of As in rice (Wet weight) (Spain and Hong Kong)
Table 3 Mean iAs and tAs concentration in rice produced (Dry weight) in Spain and Hong Kong (table adapted)
International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2012). IARC proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%
Monographs: Arsenic, Metals, Fibers and Dusts. Volume 100C. 252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FMeetings%252FCX-735-12%
A Review of Human Carcinogens. 252FWD%252FREP17_CFe.aspx.
ratio is 6.7 and the element contents loss is 44%; only fish, poultry products, and vegetables as demonstrated in
approximately 10% of rice bran was milled to powder Table 4.
transgenic rice plants, resulting in a 70% decrease in and oils, other than fish oil) is 100 lg/kg for adults.
analyzed over a period of three months; iAs was detected in Based on Table 5, brown rice has almost 67% more iAs
alimentarius/sh-proxy/fr/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fwork AJPERES http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/FSISDirectives/
space.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FMeetings%252FCX- 7120.1.pdf https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/bab10e09-
Table 4 Arsenic standards (Data source: BfR 2014; FAO/WHO 2019; EU 2015; FDA 2016)
steaming, and drying. High concentrations of total arsenic free water. The researchers observed up to a 96% removal
by 40% from long grain polished, 60% from parboiled and is either not practical or is self-defeating. What is needed is
50% from brown rice’’.28 (Gray and Conklin 2016). This arsenic-free water, which is not available even for drinking
Table 5 Estimated iAs concentrations in all brown rice and all white rice based on iAs data on individual rice types. Data source: FDA (2016)
and 58% at a total concentration of arsenic in rice of 0.389 were affected with various ailments.
and 0.314 mg/kg, respectively.In addition, humans assim- In addition, there were cases of children with poor
In a study by Bakota et al (2015)30 ‘‘Levels of (total) 53–99 ppm, 0.18–0.40 ppm and 25–53 ppm for PCBs, PC
lishing maximum acceptable levels of heavy metals for a 31
The limitation of iAs in water to 10 lg/L = 10 ppb is the key question is not the form of arsenic but the tAs as it
in India and Bangladesh, the accepted level is \ 50 lg /L ponents. Arsenic is not stable in any form. Its elimination
(WHO). (2012). Potable Water Specification,2nd Ed, Rwanda H. (2013). Risk assessment of vegetables irrigated with arsenic-
The results in Table 6 (Gilbert-Diamond et al. 2011)43 international ban on plastic straws in 2020. What envi-
unsafe. The differences in iAs is 0.07 (or ? 33%) and in the environment while still giving workers a safe work
pii/B9780123694133500744?via%3Dihub. rice food products as well as between iAs and oAs. Long-
Table 6 Median of creatinine
Variable Total (n = 229) Rice eaters (n = 73) Non-rice eaters (n = 156) D
The FDA’s data show that 53% of more than 400 samples the critical stage of brain development in the newborn
(78%) was at or below 110 lg/kg of iAs. The FDA expects foods.
the median total arsenic concentration of 1.3 lg each
three times higher (UB). The mean dietary exposure esti- Arcella, D., Cascio, C., & Gómez Ruiz, J. Á. (2021). Chronic

Methods (brief)

arsenic for the different age groups should be also speci- DMA(III) Dimethylarsinic acid III
fied. However, the ML of iAs in polished white rice for DMA(V) Dimethylarsinic acid V
Reactor in the Netherlands with a colleague of the quantity HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
of arsenic in 21 samples of different rice products from a IARC International Agency for Research on
Keywords Arsenic Neutron activation analysis Brown ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass
Rice bran oil ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma-optical
(= ICP-AES) emission spectrometry, or inductively
RISO The Association for the Promotion of Rice further testing is required and the sample is determined to
XRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to fill this gap. I collected all possible forms of arsenic
Introduction values for the same samples depending on the used
it stays there. The main types of arsenic in the rice plant are ‘‘Demethylation of methylarsonic acid DMA and
samples, measurements should be repeated or also be taken (González De Chávez Capilla 2018)4. Since ‘‘DMA’s and
metabolized to MMA and DMA
DMA(III) Dimethylarsinic acid III Metabolite of iAs(III)
DMA(V) Dimethylarsinic acid V Classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Major metabolite
From Fig. 1, it is clear that DMA is unstable. the form of arsenic outside the human body, it is inorganic,
mixture of several types of ingredients without rinsing authorities as an initial standard measure. If the sample
In an Indian study, ‘‘520 samples of husked rice were be carried out.

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised