Environmental Contaminants in Fish Products: Food Safety

Overview

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Key numbers

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Academic Editor: Chiara Portesi environmental contaminants with regulatory limits (Table 1) include metals, dioxins, PCBs,
Copyright: © 2024 by the author. of the environmental contaminants investigated in this study are reported in Table 2.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The maximum levels differ in fish species. The limit of Cd is 0.050 mg/kg in most
of them, but it increases up to 0.10 mg/kg in mackerel, tuna, and bichique, and 0.15 and
limits for Hg vary between 0.5 and 1 mg/kg due to biomagnification in large fishes such as
tuna, shark, and swordfish, while it is lower (0.30 mg/kg) in small-sized fishes. The sum of
and eel, respectively. The maximum levels for the sum of PFASs are 8 and 45 µg/kg in
Table 2. List of abbreviations of the investigated environmental contaminants.
12 µg/kg, and 6.0 and 35 µg/kg for BaP and the sum of PAHs, respectively. Additionally,
resulting in PAH formation, must be compliant with maximum levels of 5.0 and 30 µg/kg
sponded to 57%; the remaining 43% consisted of distinct groups of POPs. The number of
to 57%; the remaining 43% consisted of distinct groups of POPs. The number of publica-
and 0.116 pg/g ww. The sum of WHO-TEQs for PCDDs and PCDFs ranged from 0.027 to
(19%) and crustaceans (8%), in which chrysene was the most prominent PAH congener.
Fair et al., (2019) (42) reported mean PFAS levels ranging from 12.7 to 33.0 ng/g wet weight
25.5–69.6% of the total PFASs. Similarly, PFOS was predominant in fish and crustacean
congeners, representing 49.2, 17.2, 9.93, and 7.43%, respectively (49). An investigation on
decrease of >75% over 20 years, even though they were still detected in 93% of the samples
congener (93%), followed by BDE-99 (67%) (50). PBDE-28, -47, -99, -156, and -209 were
on PAHs (47%), followed by PCBs (20%), OCPs (11%), and PBDEs (9%). These are a wide
dry weight (dw) in mollusks (mean 200 ng Sn/g dw), and from 0.81 to 960 and 3.9 to 420 ng
ing from mean particle concentrations of 0.01 ± 0.01 MP/g in chicken breasts and pork
tissues are reported in Table 3, while Table 4 shows the risk-based consumption limits for
Table 3. Monthly fish consumption limits for noncarcinogenic health endpoint based on metal
concentrations (mg/kg, wet weight) associated with 12 to 15.9 meals (USEPA 2000).
Table 4. Monthly fish consumption limits for carcinogenic health endpoint based on PAH, PCB
(mg/kg, wet weight), and dioxin/furan (pg/kg-TEQ) concentrations associated with 12 to 15.9 meals
advantages and disadvantages of the described remediation strategies are shown in Table 5.

Methods (brief)

which is calculated by standardizing the individual congener levels detected in each sample,
samples of Chamelea gallina collected from different sampling sites along the coast of the
demonstrated that this process increased the PAH content in charcoal-grilled fish samples,
in whole fish of different species collected from South Carolina, and 6.2–12.7 ng/g ww in
samples from the Belgian North Sea, at mean concentrations of 24 and 5.6 ng/g ww, respec-
wild and farmed aquatic animals collected in the Netherlands and found maximum levels
decrease of >75% over 20 years, even though they were still detected in 93% of the samples
found in all liver samples of marine fish (Atlantic cod and turbot) as well as in blood
samples of consumers from two rural Newfoundland communities (51). Several studies
plastic particles can be collected in secondary clarification tanks in which biological treat-
thanks to their high absorption and photosynthetic activity. Elodea canadensis and Eichhornia
in samples of clams (Chamelea gallina) collected along the Abruzzi region coast in Central Italy. J. Food Prot. 2015, 78, 1719–1728.
1. Ju, Y.-R.; Chen, C.-F.; Wang, M.-H.; Chen, C.-W.; Dong, C.-D. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafood collected
of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a large number of wild and farmed aquatic animals collected in The Netherlands.
1. Yu, X.; Khan, S.; Khan, A.; Tang, Y.; Nunes, L.M.; Yan, J.; Ye, X.; Li, G. Methyl mercury concentrations in seafood collected from

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised