Toxicology © Elsevier after peer review. To access the final edited and published

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

Vera Barbosaa,c, Ana Luísa Maulvaulta,b,c, Ricardo N. Alvesa,1, Christian Kwadijkd, Michiel
9 Cunhaj, António Marquesa,c*
13 Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal
17 (FCUL), Lisboa, Portugal
32 National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
34 Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Ostend, Belgium
36 Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat
38 Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
40 LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
42 of Porto, Porto, Portugal
46 António Marques
52 Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
59 Current address: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research
60 Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
3 A.L. Maulvault: aluisa@ipma.pt
5 R.N. Alves: ricardo.alves@ipma.pt
10 A. Tediosi: alice.tediosi@aeiforia.eu
17 R. R. Rasmussen: riro@food.dtu.dk
22 L. Trabalón: laura.trabalon@urv.cat
37 hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene; ANOVA - analysis of variance; AsV – arsenic V;
39 BaP - benzo(a)pyrene;BMDL - benchmark dose lower limit; BP1 - Benzophenone 1; Cd -
41 cadmium; CeCs - contaminants of emerging concern; Cr - chromium; Cr – chromium; Cu -
47 muscle reference material; DPMI - 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4(5H)-indanone; dSPE -
49 dispersive solid-phase extraction; EC – European Commission; ECHA – European chemicals
51 agency ; EFSA – European Food Safety Authority; EHS - 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate; EPA -
53 eicosapentaenoic aci; ERM-BC211 – rice reference material; GC–IT-MS/MS - gas
55 chromatography-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometr; GC-MS - gas chromatography-mass
57 spectrometry; HBGVs - health-based guidance values; Hg – mercury; HHCB - 1,3,4,6,7,8-
2 performance liquid chromatography; HS - 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexylsalicylate; iAs - inorganic
4 arsenic; ICP-MS - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer; ISTD – internal standards;
8 mass spectrometry; LOD - limit of detection; LOQ - limit of quantification; MeHg – methyl
10 mercury; MOE – margins of exposure; MS- mass spectrometry; NOAEL – no observed adverse
12 effect level; OC – Octocrylene; PAH2 - sum of benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene; PAH4 - sum of
18 dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(123cd)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene; PAHs - polycyclic aromatic
20 hydrocarbons; PAHs - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Pb – lead; PCBs - polychlorinated
22 biphenyls; PCPs - personal care products; PFBA – perfluorobutanoate; PFBS - perfluorobutane
34 perfluorotridecanoate; PFUnA - perfluorundecanoate; POPs - persistent organic pollutants;
36 QuEChERS - quick, easy, effective, rugged and safe; RSD - relative standard deviation; TAs -
38 total arsenic; TDI - tolerable daily intake; THg - total mercury; TORT-2 - lobster hepatopancreas
40 reference material; TWI - tolerable weekly intake; UF - safety/uncertainty factor; UL - tolerable
42 upper intake level; WHO – World Health Organization;
2 Seafood consumption is a major route of human exposure to environmental contaminants of

Methods (brief)

hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(g)-2-benzopyran-1-one; HPLC - high
4 arsenic; ICP-MS - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer; ISTD – internal standards;
8 mass spectrometry; LOD - limit of detection; LOQ - limit of quantification; MeHg – methyl
10 mercury; MOE – margins of exposure; MS- mass spectrometry; NOAEL – no observed adverse
4 were collected from different markets, including sole (Solea sp.), mackerel (Scomber
14 For fish, muscle tissue (fillets) were collected without skin, while for cephalopods and
16 crustaceans mantle and abdominal muscle tissue were sampled (n = 25). For bivalves, the
18 edible part with the intervalvar liquid was collected (n = 50). Each sample was divided in two
24 assessment. Raw and steamed samples were homogenized with a grinder (Retasch Grindomix
35 Mercury concentrations (total and MeHg) were quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry,
39 For total Hg determination, 10-20 mg of solid sample was placed on a sample boat of the
41 automatic analyser. After drying and combustion, samples enter in a decomposition tube, where
47 150 mg of freeze-dried samples were hydrolyzed in hydrobromic acid (10 mL, 47% w/w, Merck),
53 sulfate and 0.775% sodium acetate, SIGMA). Then 100 µL of liquid sample (cysteine extracts
8 Inorganic arsenic was quantified by anion exchange HPLC (High Performance Liquid
10 Chromatography) (1260 HPLC Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) coupled on-line to
12 an ICP-MS, according to Rasmussen et al. (2012). Freeze-dried samples were weighed (0.2 -
24 polytetrafluoroethylene filters in Mini-UniPrep HPLC vials (Whatman International, Maidstone,

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
3171d06	2026-08-02	major	1 section added
bc84bfc	2026-08-02	major	6 sections added; narrative text revised