Semi-skimmed milk

Completeness scorecard

Deterministic gap audit — no score is composite, no cell is LLM-judged. Each chip is re-derivable by re-running tools/evidence/build-ingredient-scorecard.mjs. review: residuals and missing data are worked autonomously via data/evidence/ingredient-scorecard-review-flags.csv and wiki/completeness-gaps.md.

FSA/Fera measured this ingredient or non-infant-specific food composite in Table 6 of the FS102048 survey. Exact concentration values remain in progress until Table 6 is parsed into structured ingredient rows with less-than and semi-quantitative flags preserved. fsa2016-infant-food-formula-metals-survey

Why this commodity accumulates heavy metals

Semi-skimmed milk is fluid cow milk from which a portion of the milk fat has been removed, typically to achieve a fat content of approximately 1.5 to 1.8 percent by weight in European commercial standards. Its heavy metal profile is essentially identical to that of whole milk and fully skimmed milk: the fat reduction step removes fat-soluble components but does not alter the concentration of Pb, Cd, Hg, or other regulated heavy metals, which are distributed primarily in the aqueous and protein fractions of milk rather than in the fat. Dairy is a low-risk matrix for heavy metals because the mammary gland presents a substantial physiological barrier to metal transfer from blood into milk. Most absorbed metals in the lactating cow are excreted through urine and feces rather than milk, and blood-to-milk transfer efficiencies for Pb, Cd, and Hg are well below 1 percent under typical dietary exposure conditions. The small amounts of heavy metals present in milk reflect the cow’s cumulative environmental and dietary exposure, which in commercially managed herds under regulated feed and veterinary oversight is generally low. Atmospheric contamination of farm environments, mineral composition of feed supplements, and water quality at the farm are the dominant drivers of any detectable metal levels in fluid milk. For the specific metal-content data available in the current corpus, see reduced-fat-milk and skim-milk, which carry TDS data from comparable dairy matrices.

Heavy metal contamination profile

Per-analyte snapshot derived from the machine-readable contamination_profile in the frontmatter above. data gap indicates the literature has been reviewed for this commodity-analyte combination and no usable occurrence data was found (a finding, not a placeholder). The Key sources column shows the top 2-3 contributing sources by year and sample size, with numbered wikilink aliases.

Synthesis basis and censoring treatment

The inorganic-arsenic cell was reviewed on 2026-06-11 on a fluid semi-skimmed-milk wet-weight basis, the form in which the ingredient enters the supply chain. Inorganic arsenic is held distinct from total arsenic and is never derived from it by a fixed ratio; only a speciated measurement can populate the inorganic-arsenic cell.

Inorganic arsenic is recorded as a reviewed data gap. The earlier profile reported inorganic arsenic at a typical and 95th-percentile value of zero at high confidence. That figure was not supported by any speciated measurement of this commodity: no fluid-milk inorganic-arsenic value exists in the corpus, and every milk arsenic measurement available is total arsenic by hydride-generation or ICP-MS without inorganic/organic fractionation. The FDA Total Diet Study FY2018-FY2020 fluid-milk composites measure total arsenic only and report it below the 1 µg/kg reporting limit across all 27 samples for whole, reduced-fat, and skim milk (fda2022-tds-elements-fy2018-fy2020); that is a left-censored total-arsenic result, not a measured inorganic-arsenic zero. The clean-market fluid-milk occurrence surveys are likewise total-arsenic only and state explicitly that their arsenic values must not be routed as inorganic arsenic: the Polish national monitoring measures arsenic by hydride-generation AAS without speciation (Starska et al. 2011), the Bangladesh raw-and-pasteurized survey records “total arsenic; no inorganic arsenic speciation” (Hasan et al. 2022), the Egyptian retail-milk survey reports “total arsenic only, no inorganic/organic separation” (Salahel din et al. 2025), the Polish powdered-formula survey reports arsenic below detection without speciation (Dobrzyńska et al. 2025), and the Spanish ICP-MS retail-milk survey, which enumerates semi-skimmed cow milk in its product frame, does not measure inorganic arsenic as a target analyte (Marques et al. 2021). Because no speciated inorganic-arsenic value exists for fluid milk, the honest state for this cell is a reviewed data gap rather than a measured zero, following the uranium precedent on rice and the inorganic-arsenic treatment on whole-milk. The cell will populate when a speciated fluid-milk inorganic-arsenic measurement is ingested.

Routing

This node is linked from the ingredient index and source routing list.

Contamination Profile State

The machine-readable contamination profile is in_progress. Ingredient-level values belong here once parsed; finished-product values belong on the relevant product-category page.

Ranges by source, region, and variety

Metal concentrations in semi-skimmed milk are uniformly low across production regions. European regulatory monitoring under EU Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 consistently finds Pb and Cd in fluid milk at or below the analytical detection limit in routine surveillance sampling. The FSA/Fera FS102048 survey, the primary source on this page, measured semi-skimmed milk as a non-infant food composite; values remain in progress pending structured extraction of Table 6 data fsa2016-infant-food-formula-metals-survey. US TDS data for comparable fluid dairy matrices (see reduced-fat-milk and skim-milk) show essentially zero detectable metals across 27 composite samples for most analytes. Organic versus conventional production does not produce meaningful differences in fluid milk metal content. Regional variation attributable to industrial contamination near dairy farms is possible but documented only in specific case studies, not as a systematic pattern across commercial supply chains.

Processing effects

The fat reduction step in semi-skimmed milk production is centrifugal separation. As with other dairy fat-reduction operations, this step does not alter the metal content of the resulting fluid product because Pb, Cd, and Hg are not fat-soluble and remain in the skimmed milk fraction. Pasteurization (HTST, 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds, or UHT, 135 to 140 degrees Celsius for 2 to 5 seconds) does not decompose or remove heavy metals. Homogenization, which reduces fat globule size and prevents creaming, has no effect on metal content. The processing train for semi-skimmed milk introduces no metal from standard stainless steel processing equipment under normal sanitary conditions.

Ingredient-derivative risk

Semi-skimmed milk is used directly as a beverage and as an ingredient in dairy products, sauces, baked goods, and infant formula. Its metal contribution in all these applications is negligible given the near-zero baseline. In infant formula, where semi-skimmed or skim milk powder may be used as a protein and mineral source, the dairy fraction does not represent the primary metal risk; other components such as vegetable oils, carbohydrate sources, and mineral premixes are the more significant contributors. Dried semi-skimmed milk (spray-dried or roller-dried) concentrates metals by a factor proportional to water removal, but given the near-zero baseline in fluid milk, the resulting dried product remains low-risk even after concentration.

Mitigation options

Sourcing levers

Given the inherently low metal content of commercial semi-skimmed milk, standard dairy supply chain oversight is sufficient for most applications. For infant formula manufacturers using semi-skimmed milk powder as an ingredient, supplier qualification should include routine metal surveillance testing at or below EU dairy maximum levels as a confirmation step.

Agronomic levers

No quantified data on agronomic levers specific to reducing metals in cow milk in the current corpus; section will be expanded when relevant evidence is ingested.

Processing levers

Standard fat reduction and pasteurization operations do not introduce metals and require no modification for metal-reduction purposes.

Formulation levers

No quantified data on formulation levers for semi-skimmed milk in the current corpus; section will be expanded when relevant evidence is ingested.

Testing and QC levers

Routine lot-level surveillance for Pb and Cd in semi-skimmed milk is standard under EU monitoring programs and is implemented by major dairy processors as part of quality management systems. Given the consistently near-zero values in the literature, this commodity is low-priority for intensive independent lot-level testing in most supply-chain contexts.

Packaging and storage levers

Standard HDPE, glass, or Tetra Pak packaging does not contribute metals to semi-skimmed milk. Refrigerated storage at the intended shelf life does not alter metal content.

Regulatory limits that apply

Under EU Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as amended (see eu2023-contaminants-maximum-levels), the maximum Pb level for raw milk, heat-treated milk, and milk-based products is 0.020 mg/kg (20 ppb) wet weight. The corresponding Cd maximum level for milk and milk products is 0.020 mg/kg (20 ppb) wet weight. Semi-skimmed milk falls squarely within the dairy product matrix for which these limits apply. The FDA does not publish a specific action level for Pb or Cd in fluid milk; the general surveillance framework under 21 CFR applies, and fluid dairy is not among the high-priority categories identified in the Closer to Zero program (see fda-closer-to-zero) for Pb reduction efforts targeting infant and young child foods.

Sources

Auto-generated from source-page frontmatter. The “Used on this page for” column is populated by the orchestrator’s POPULATE-SOURCE-LEGEND action; pending entries appear as *[awaiting synthesis]*.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Page history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.