Heavy metals in Raisins

Quick read

Raisins in the HMI library has 208 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se and Mo from 17 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, Suzanne Fitzpatrick · 2019Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4Mania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, Postupolski J · 2021The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Akçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, Lemiashonak V · 2023Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyErwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDFRead source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid and others, in 208 results from 17 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, Suzanne Fitzpatrick · 2019Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4Mania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, Postupolski J · 2021The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}
Main drivers:
Form, basis and where the raisins was sampled; reporting limits decide how many results are non-detects.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, Suzanne Fitzpatrick · 2019Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4Mania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, Postupolski J · 2021The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, Suzanne Fitzpatrick · 2019Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4Mania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, Postupolski J · 2021The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}

Raisins overview

Raisins in the HMI library has 208 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se and Mo from 17 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, Suzanne Fitzpatrick · 2019Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4Mania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, Postupolski J · 2021The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Akçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, Lemiashonak V · 2023Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyErwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDFRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in raisins, dried from 81 results in 1 reporting region, with a subgroup median of 17.1 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, raisins, dried had a median lead result of 7.8 µg/kg across 3 composites from 2018–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 3 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 5.3 µg/kg (Norton et al. 2015) to 14.7 µg/kg (Norton et al. 2015).^{7Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →} For cadmium, 2 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 0.7 µg/kg (Spungen et al. 2024) to 6 µg/kg (Norton et al. 2015).^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{7Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the raisins came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as raisins

This page covers raisins in 2 forms kept separate in every comparison: raisins, dried (145 results) and raisins, as sold (63 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, Suzanne Fitzpatrick · 2019Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4Mania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, Postupolski J · 2021The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Akçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, Lemiashonak V · 2023Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyErwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDFRead source →} Foods made from raisins that have their own pages, such as bran cereal with raisins, are covered there.

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of raisins

The table holds every extracted raisins result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 208 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, Suzanne Fitzpatrick · 2019Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4Mania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, Postupolski J · 2021The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →}^{5Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{6Akçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, Lemiashonak V · 2023Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyErwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDFRead source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

14 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 45 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded.

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of raisins, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

192 of 192 findings · 18 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Raisins findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

12 findings · 8 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2013As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2010As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedGavelek et al. 2019	US FDA Total Diet Study 2014-2016, all regions and collections2014–2016As sold / fresh	mean.
Raisins, driedMania et al. 2021	single sample, Iran2015As sold / fresh	max.
Raisins, driedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988	median.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988	mean.Same samples: 19.8 µg/kg (minimum); 78.8 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988	min.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988	max.
Raisins, driedSpungen 2019	all samples, TDS market baskets 2014-20162014–2016	mean.
17 findings · 3 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015–2016As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2012As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	SEARO2015As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2012As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 36.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 9.2 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2017Dry weight	median.
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	not detected.

13 findings · 6 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2018As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2007As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.
Raisins, driedWHO GEMS/Food	EMRO2016Dry weight	median.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988	median.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988	mean.Same samples: 0.1 µg/kg (minimum); 2.51 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988	min.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988	max.
Raisins, driedJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011	mean.
16 findings · 4 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2014As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.Same samples: 9.3 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	NE Britain (Aberdeenshire) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	mean.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	min.
Raisins, as soldNorton et al. 2015	SW Britain (Devon and Cornwall) basket surveyCollection date unreportedAs sold / fresh	max.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2016–2018Dry weight	median.
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	not detected.
Raisins, as soldJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2022	GEMS/Food contaminants database2011	mean.

25 findings · 3 studies
Raisins, driedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	100% Raisins Natural Sun Dried (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	All Natural Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Golden Raisins 100% Fruit "No Sugar Added" (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Organic Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Organic Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Seedless Raisins 100% Natural (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Golden California Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Golden Raisins Plump & Tangy (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Mixed Jumbo Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural California Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural California Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic California Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Flame Variety (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Seedless (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Thompson Variety (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Thompson Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Raisins California Sun Dried (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Sun-Dried California Raisins 100% Natural No Preservatives (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Thompson Seedless Raisins Sundried Naturally (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy 2021	US baby-food manufacturer C2016–2019	sample value.
6 findings · 2 studies
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005–2023As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2006As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005As sold / fresh	sample value.
Raisins, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005As sold / fresh	sample value.

24 findings · 1 study · 1 spread figure folded in
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	100% Raisins Natural Sun Dried (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	All Natural Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	all samples2012	mean.Same samples: 3–22.6 µg/kg (range)
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	all samples2012	range.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Golden Raisins 100% Fruit "No Sugar Added" (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Organic Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Organic Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Seedless Raisins 100% Natural (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Golden California Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Golden Raisins Plump & Tangy (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Mixed Jumbo Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural California Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural California Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic California Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Flame Variety (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Seedless (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Thompson Variety (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Thompson Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Raisins California Sun Dried (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Sun-Dried California Raisins 100% Natural No Preservatives (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Thompson Seedless Raisins Sundried Naturally (USA)2012	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011As sold / fresh	median.

23 findings · 1 study
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	100% Raisins Natural Sun Dried (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	All Natural Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Golden Raisins 100% Fruit "No Sugar Added" (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Organic Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Organic Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Seedless Raisins 100% Natural (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Golden California Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Golden Raisins Plump & Tangy (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Mixed Jumbo Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural California Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural California Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic California Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Flame Variety (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Seedless (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Thompson Variety (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Thompson Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Raisins (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Raisins California Sun Dried (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Sun-Dried California Raisins 100% Natural No Preservatives (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Thompson Seedless Raisins Sundried Naturally (USA)2012	not detected.

23 findings · 1 study
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	100% Raisins Natural Sun Dried (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	All Natural Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Golden Raisins 100% Fruit "No Sugar Added" (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Organic Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Organic Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	California Seedless Raisins 100% Natural (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Golden California Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Golden Raisins Plump & Tangy (USA)2012	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Mixed Jumbo Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural California Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural California Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Natural Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic California Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Flame Variety (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Seedless (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Raisins Thompson Variety (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Organic Thompson Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Raisins California Sun Dried (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Seedless Raisins (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Sun-Dried California Raisins 100% Natural No Preservatives (USA)2012	not detected.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016	Thompson Seedless Raisins Sundried Naturally (USA)2012	not detected.

4 findings · 3 studies
Raisins, driedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 2003	Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000As sold / fresh	sample value.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 2003	Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000As sold / fresh	sample value.
Raisins, driedU.S. Food and Drug Administration 2022	all samples (FY2018-2020, composites)2018–2020As sold / fresh	mean.
4 findings · 1 study
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2005As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2017As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2012–2015As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.

5 findings · 4 studies
Raisins, driedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedFechner et al. 2022	all samples (Germany, national)2017–2019As sold / fresh	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008As sold / fresh	median.

3 findings · 2 studies
Raisins, driedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
2 findings · 1 study
Raisins, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005As sold / fresh	sample value.
Raisins, as soldMaduabuchi et al. 2007	non-canned beverage2005As sold / fresh	sample value.

1 finding · 1 study
Raisins, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2005As sold / fresh	median.

1 finding · 1 study
Raisins, driedFDA Total Diet Study	1 collection regions2018–2020As sold / fresh	median.

3 findings · 2 studies
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988	sample value.

1 finding · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 2,800 µg/kg (minimum); 12,400 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	min.
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	max.

1 finding · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 38,000 µg/kg (minimum); 82,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	min.
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	max.

1 finding · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 4,000 µg/kg (minimum); 18,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	min.
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	max.

1 finding · 1 study · 2 spread figures folded in
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	mean.Same samples: 6,000 µg/kg (minimum); 26,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	min.
Raisins, as soldChmielewski et al. 2025	Warsaw allotment gardens2022–2023Dry weight	max.

2 findings · 1 study
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.

2 findings · 1 study
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.
Raisins, driedAkçay et al. 2023	market samples, Konya Province, Turkey (2021 products)2021	mean.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI raisins Pb reference · Raisins, dried

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Pb reference · Raisins, dried. Raisins, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	5.3–7.8 (bounded)	7.8–10 (bounded)	14.5–16 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	2.65–7.8 (bounded)	7.8–10 (bounded)	14–16 (bounded)

31 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	28	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-9a39f5e3edfd:5414d3e8a0b4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Pb reference · Raisins, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Pb reference · Raisins, as sold. Raisins, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1.6–9.7 (bounded)	9.7	9.7–10 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	1.3–9.7 (bounded)	9.7	9.7–10 (bounded)

41 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	40	50%
Norton et al. 2015	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-b713b0019c53:02ee28fe7ea3

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Pb reference · Raisins, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Pb reference · Raisins, as sold, dry weight. Raisins, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤15	70–77.5 (bounded)	140
Alternative weighting	≤15	70–77.5 (bounded)	140

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, as sold on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-5bb667420b1f:a506c7978c3c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Cd reference · Raisins, dried

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Cd reference · Raisins, dried. Raisins, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	1–2 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	1–2 (bounded)

30 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	27	50%
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-27c61d2ceb3b:6029ed008ed1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Cd reference · Raisins, dried, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Cd reference · Raisins, dried, dry weight. Raisins, dried; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	42	42	42
Alternative weighting	42	42	42

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, dried on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, dried on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-41a270b57c94:796a3c9eecf0

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Cd reference · Raisins, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Cd reference · Raisins, as sold. Raisins, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	3–3.3 (bounded)	6	6
Alternative weighting	3–3.2 (bounded)	6	6

29 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	28	50%
Norton et al. 2015	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-951b371f6283:4a1ca95bcd01

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Cd reference · Raisins, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Cd reference · Raisins, as sold, dry weight. Raisins, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	50	51	60
Alternative weighting	50	51	60

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, as sold on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-20559ea8c7c4:767600ea35c7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins tAs reference · Raisins, dried

Reference and scope

HMI raisins tAs reference · Raisins, dried. Raisins, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	13	23	32
Alternative weighting	13	23	32

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, dried on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-639859089ca5:7ca82152ed90

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins tAs reference · Raisins, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI raisins tAs reference · Raisins, as sold. Raisins, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5.69	≤10	1.25–20 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤5.38	≤10	2.5–20 (bounded)

20 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	20	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, as sold on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-1814ea27c759:9cd41103e1d5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins iAs reference · Raisins, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI raisins iAs reference · Raisins, as sold. Raisins, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	13.3	13.3	13.3
Alternative weighting	13.3	13.3	13.3

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, as sold on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-67aa2a7353dd:af7b65bb3b1f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins tHg reference · Raisins, dried

Reference and scope

HMI raisins tHg reference · Raisins, dried. Raisins, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	0.69	0.9	1.3
Alternative weighting	0.69	0.9	1.3

5 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	50%
Dabeka et al. 2003	2	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-cba5bf1b36c7:eb432225be49

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins tHg reference · Raisins, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI raisins tHg reference · Raisins, as sold. Raisins, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.56	≤1.5	0.38–4 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.56	≤1.75	0.38–4 (bounded)

15 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	15	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, as sold on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-62dfedcbe745:93e1ad08c2da

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Ni reference · Raisins, dried

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Ni reference · Raisins, dried. Raisins, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	42	58	68
Alternative weighting	42	58	68

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, dried on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-b9a18399dfda:8aed590bcae9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Ni reference · Raisins, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Ni reference · Raisins, as sold. Raisins, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	78.5	78.5	78.5
Alternative weighting	78.5	78.5	78.5

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, as sold on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-7c13c752956d:1cce8e54d705

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Cr reference · Raisins, dried

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Cr reference · Raisins, dried. Raisins, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	56	100
Alternative weighting	≤50	56	100

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, dried on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-4706dcbee876:d611d9eb947e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins Sn reference · Raisins, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI raisins Sn reference · Raisins, as sold. Raisins, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	100–130 (bounded)	100–130 (bounded)	100–130 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	100–130 (bounded)	100–130 (bounded)	100–130 (bounded)

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, as sold on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-4f731c1f3ce8:42ecea53d2e0

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI raisins U reference · Raisins, dried

Reference and scope

HMI raisins U reference · Raisins, dried. Raisins, dried; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	2.6	2.8	3.7
Alternative weighting	2.6	2.8	3.7

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for raisins, dried on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for raisins, dried on this basis in the completed raisins ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:raisins-05b1187511f6:5cdbd152e5e2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach raisins

No study in the library compared raisins from contaminated and ordinary settings, so the routes by which metals reach it are not measured here.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in raisins, as sold pools 41 subgroup units from 2 sampling families, with a median of 9.7 µg/kg and a middle half spanning between 1.6 and 9.7 (lower quartile) and between 9.7 and 10 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{7Norton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, Meharg AA · 2015Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKThe Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscriptRead source →} For lead in raisins, dried, the reference median was between 7.8 and 10 µg/kg, with a middle half from between 5.3 and 7.8 to between 14.5 and 16 µg/kg across 31 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →} For cadmium in raisins, dried, the reference median was below 1 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 1 to between 1 and 2 µg/kg across 30 units.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, raisins, dried had the lowest cadmium subgroup median in EMRO (36 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (42 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, total arsenic across 21 groups of raisins ranged from 6.1 µg/kg (100% Raisins Natural Sun Dried (USA)) to 57.2 µg/kg (California Organic Raisins (USA)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{8U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2016Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, Non-Rice Infant Cereal and Other Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and ToddlersU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationRead source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

Processed or prepared forms were compared only with unprocessed raisins in the same study and group. Raisins, dried (GEMS/Food contaminants database) had cadmium lower at 2.7 µg/kg, against 4.9 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (raisins, as sold).^{9Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives · 2022Cadmium: dietary exposure assessmentWHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA)Read source →}

Forms differ in water content, so a per-kilogram difference is not by itself a measured removal or gain of metal.

Mitigation for raisins

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing raisins for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 3,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 1,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 3 µg/kg (FDA Total Diet Study) to 100 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying raisins

No maximum level for metals in raisins was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from raisins

No source in the library converted raisins concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names raisins was decided on its content: 17 occurrence extracted, 17 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Raisins FAQs

What heavy metals are found in raisins?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, nickel, chromium, tin, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se and Mo in raisins, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, Suzanne Fitzpatrick · 2019Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →}^{4Mania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, Postupolski J · 2021The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentRoczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene)Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in raisins, dried from 81 results in 1 reporting region, with a subgroup median of 17.1 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in raisins?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, raisins, dried had the lowest cadmium subgroup median in EMRO (36 µg/kg) and the highest in EMRO (42 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Does processing change heavy metals in raisins?

Only comparisons between forms in the same study are available, not before-and-after measurements of the same raisins.^{9Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives · 2022Cadmium: dietary exposure assessmentWHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA)Read source →} Raisins, dried (GEMS/Food contaminants database) had cadmium lower at 2.7 µg/kg, against 4.9 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (raisins, as sold).^{9Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives · 2022Cadmium: dietary exposure assessmentWHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA)Read source →}

How much of the arsenic in raisins is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 26 results from 2 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{8U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2016Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, Non-Rice Infant Cereal and Other Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and ToddlersU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationRead source →} U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2016 reported inorganic arsenic at 8.1 µg/kg (mean) in raisins, dried from all samples.^{8U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2016Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, Non-Rice Infant Cereal and Other Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and ToddlersU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationRead source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Lead exposures in older children (males and females 7-17 years), women of childbearing age (females 16-49 years) and adults (males and females 18+ years): FDA total diet study 2014-16Alexandra Gavelek, Judith Spungen, Dana Hoffman-Pennesi, Brenna Flannery, Laurie Dolan, Sherri Dennis, et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2019 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2019.1681595Peer-reviewed
The content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and tin in fruit and their products based on monitoring studies – exposure assessmentMania M, Rebeniak M, Chabros E, Orshulyak O, and Postupolski J · Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny (Annals of the National Institute of Hygiene) · 2021 · doi.org/10.32394/rpzh.2021.0188Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Characterization of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Dried Fruits and Nuts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission SpectroscopyAkçay Kulluk D, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Özcan MM, and Lemiashonak V · Erwerbs-Obstbau (Springer); accepted 26 November 2022; volume and pages not printed in the filed PDF · 2023 · doi.org/10.1007/s10341-022-00815-2Peer-reviewed
Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UKNorton GJ, Deacon CM, Mestrot A, Feldmann J, Jenkins P, Baskaran C, et al. · The Science of the Total Environment 533, 520-527 (2015); accepted author manuscript · 2015 · doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.130Peer-reviewed
Analytical Results from Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants, Non-Rice Infant Cereal and Other Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and ToddlersU.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2016 · www.fda.govDataset
Cadmium: dietary exposure assessmentJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives · WHO Food Additives Series, No. 82 (Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food, prepared by the 91st meeting of JECFA) · 2022 · www.who.intGovernment

Sources

Browse Raisins Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every raisins record in the library: 17 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Referenced by

Graph View

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2

Food and Drug Administration

3

Food Additives

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Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives

Heavy metals in Raisins

Raisins overview

What counts as raisins

Heavy metal contamination profile of raisins

How metals reach raisins

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for raisins

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing raisins for metals

Buying and verifying raisins

Exposure from raisins

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Raisins FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View