Heavy Metal Index
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Plain noodles, egg noodles, pasta, whole wheat pasta and quinoa illustrating noodles ingredient context.

Heavy metals in Noodles

Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and total mercury in noodles: monitoring results, studies, references by form and basis, limits, testing and controls.

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Noodles in the HMI library has 603 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Cu, Mn, Zn, V, Ba, DBT, DOT, OTC_sum_as_Sn, Si, sumOTC, TBT, TPhT and TPT from 22 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Elsheikh MA, Ali DMH, Alotaibi SH · 2020Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OESAsian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-1278Read source →3Safwan MF, Amayreh MA · 2023Assessment and health risk study of some heavy metals in instant soup and chicken stock products from Jordanian marketAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and DevelopmentRead source →4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →5Atawy HM · 2026Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Concentrations in Noodle Samples from Iraqi Markets and Study Probabilistic Health Risks AssociatedAmerican Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy 3(7):59-67Read source →6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source →

Noodles overview

Noodles in the HMI library has 603 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Cu, Mn, Zn, V, Ba, DBT, DOT, OTC_sum_as_Sn, Si, sumOTC, TBT, TPhT and TPT from 22 sources.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Elsheikh MA, Ali DMH, Alotaibi SH · 2020Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OESAsian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-1278Read source →3Safwan MF, Amayreh MA · 2023Assessment and health risk study of some heavy metals in instant soup and chicken stock products from Jordanian marketAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and DevelopmentRead source →4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →5Atawy HM · 2026Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Concentrations in Noodle Samples from Iraqi Markets and Study Probabilistic Health Risks AssociatedAmerican Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy 3(7):59-67Read source →6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in noodles, as sold from 35 results in 2 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 3.15 to 6.2 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, GEMS/Food gave subgroup medians from 16.5 to 54 µg/kg from 66 results.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Across 4 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on a dry-weight basis ranged from 43 µg/kg (Charles et al. 2017) to 3,160 µg/kg (Charles et al. 2017).7Charles IA, Ogbolosingha AJ, Afia IU · 2017Health risk assessment of instant noodles commonly consumed in Port Harcourt, NigeriaEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchRead source → For cadmium, 3 studies on a dry-weight basis reported means and medians from 4 µg/kg (Kakoma et al. 2021) to 1,200 µg/kg (Kakoma et al. 2021).6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source → Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Noodles, as sold from retail brand C had cadmium higher at 1,300 µg/kg, against 100 µg/kg for retail brand A in the same study.4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the noodles came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as noodles

This page covers noodles in 5 forms kept separate in every comparison: noodles, as sold (513 results), noodles, dried (48 results), noodles, flour or meal (32 results), noodles, cooked (8 results) and noodles, powder or ground (2 results).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Elsheikh MA, Ali DMH, Alotaibi SH · 2020Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OESAsian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-1278Read source →3Safwan MF, Amayreh MA · 2023Assessment and health risk study of some heavy metals in instant soup and chicken stock products from Jordanian marketAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and DevelopmentRead source →4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →5Atawy HM · 2026Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Concentrations in Noodle Samples from Iraqi Markets and Study Probabilistic Health Risks AssociatedAmerican Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy 3(7):59-67Read source →6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source → Foods made from noodles that have their own pages, such as egg noodles and rice noodles, are covered there.

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of noodles

The table holds every extracted noodles result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 603 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Elsheikh MA, Ali DMH, Alotaibi SH · 2020Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OESAsian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-1278Read source →3Safwan MF, Amayreh MA · 2023Assessment and health risk study of some heavy metals in instant soup and chicken stock products from Jordanian marketAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and DevelopmentRead source →4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →5Atawy HM · 2026Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Concentrations in Noodle Samples from Iraqi Markets and Study Probabilistic Health Risks AssociatedAmerican Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy 3(7):59-67Read source →6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source → Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

40 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 303 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 10 values from 6 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source →8Behrouz Tajdar-oranj, Nabi Shariatifar, Mahmood Alimohammadi, Leila Peivasteh-roudsari, Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki, Yadolah Fakhri, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah · 2018The concentration of heavy metals in noodle samples from Iran’s market: probabilistic health risk assessmentEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchRead source →9El Ziani N, Ben ghazi R, Yaghi M · 2024Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Instant Noodles from Local Markets in Benghazi, LibyaSebha University Journal of Pure & Applied SciencesRead source →10Katyal D, Chen D, Kuo H · 2020Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian marketBCIT Environmental Public Health JournalRead source →11Otitoju O, Otitoju GTO, Boyi RN, Baiyeri SO, Ezenwa CP · 2018Heavy Metal Quantification of Noodle Products Commonly Consumed in NigeriaJournal of Home Economics ResearchRead source →

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of noodles, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

About this table
Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence
Noodles findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food formCollection scopeFinding (µg/kg)ComparisonEvidence
109 findings · 13 studies
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2013–2014As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2012–2017As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2009As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldSafwan et al. 2023retail product 102020As sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand CCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand CCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand A, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand B, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand C, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand D, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026Iraqi (local) brand E, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period ICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IIICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IVCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all samples, overall mean across four sampling periodsCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outlet (B), brand S (produced and packed in China), period ICollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018all noodle samples2017range.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018imported instant noodle (brand 4)2017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018imported instant noodles, 1 brand2017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 12017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 22017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 32017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodles, 3 brands2017mean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 7Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ACollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product BCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product CCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product DCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ECollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product FCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product GCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product HCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ICollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product JCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product KCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldSalahel et al. 2025Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand A, curry flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand B, Tom Yam flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand C, original fried noodle flavourCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand D, Tom Yam flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand E, chicken flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand F, original seafood flavourCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand G, curry flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
6 findings · 1 study
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product A (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product B (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product C (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product D (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product E (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product F (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
8 findings · 1 study
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 3 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 3 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 5 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 5 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 10 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 10 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019unboiled controlCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019unboiled controlCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2010–2019As sold / freshmedian.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, powder or groundKatyal et al. 2020all 30 packets (15 rice, 15 wheat; 5 packs x 6 brands)Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshrange.
107 findings · 13 studies
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEMRO2016–2019As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2003–2006As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2011–2017As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldSafwan et al. 2023retail product 102020As sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand CCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand CCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2017median.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand A, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand B, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand C, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand D, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026Iraqi (local) brand E, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period ICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IIICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IVCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all samples, overall mean across four sampling periodsCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outlet (B), brand S (produced and packed in China), period ICollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018all noodle samples2017range.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018imported instant noodles, 1 brand2017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 12017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 22017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodles, 3 brands2017mean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 7Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ACollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product BCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product CCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product DCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ECollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product FCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product GCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product HCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ICollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product JCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product KCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldSalahel et al. 2025Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand A, curry flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand B, Tom Yam flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand C, original fried noodle flavourCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand D, Tom Yam flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand E, chicken flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand F, original seafood flavourCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand G, curry flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
6 findings · 1 study
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product A (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product B (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product C (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product D (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product E (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product F (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
8 findings · 1 study
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 3 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 3 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 5 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 5 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 10 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 10 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019unboiled controlCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019unboiled controlCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
4 findings · 1 study
Noodles, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2010–2019As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2004As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodPAHO2014As sold / freshmedian.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, powder or groundKatyal et al. 2020all 30 packets (15 rice, 15 wheat; 5 packs x 6 brands)Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshrange.
85 findings · 8 studies
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2009As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period ICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IIICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IVCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all samples, overall mean across four sampling periodsCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outlet (B), brand S (produced and packed in China), period ICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 7Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ACollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product BCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product CCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product DCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ECollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product FCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product GCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product HCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ICollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product JCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product KCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldSalahel et al. 2025Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand A, curry flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand B, Tom Yam flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand C, original fried noodle flavourCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand D, Tom Yam flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand E, chicken flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand F, original seafood flavourCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldShamsani et al. 2019instant noodle brand G, curry flavour (noodle plus seasoning)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
6 findings · 1 study
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product A (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product B (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product C (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product D (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product E (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product F (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
8 findings · 1 study
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 3 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 3 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 5 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 5 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 10 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 10 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019unboiled controlCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019unboiled controlCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2010–2014As sold / freshmedian.
4 findings · 3 studies
Noodles, as soldWHO GEMS/FoodWPRO2022As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not statednot detected.
Noodles, as soldEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014European dietary-survey occurrence data2003–2013Basis not statedmean.
6 findings · 1 study
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product A (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product B (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product C (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product D (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product E (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product F (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
2 findings · 1 study
Noodles, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2010–2015As sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, cookedWHO GEMS/FoodEURO2015As sold / freshmedian.
8 findings · 3 studies
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand A, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand B, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand C, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand D, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026Iraqi (local) brand E, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
6 findings · 1 study
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product A (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product B (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product C (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product D (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product E (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product F (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
33 findings · 7 studies
Noodles, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, LB2000–2013As sold / freshmean.
Noodles, as soldEFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) 2014all samples, EFSA FoodEx subgroup, UB2000–2013As sold / freshmean.
Noodles, as soldSafwan et al. 2023retail product 102020As sold / freshmean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand A, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand B, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand C, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026imported brand D, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldAtawy 2026Iraqi (local) brand E, Kirkuk markets2026mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018all noodle samples2017range.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018imported instant noodles, 1 brand2017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 12017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 22017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodles, 3 brands2017mean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 7Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ACollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product BCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product CCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product DCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ECollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product FCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product GCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product HCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product ICollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product JCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldOtitoju et al. 2018retail instant noodle product KCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldSalahel et al. 2025Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not statedmean.
6 findings · 1 study
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product A (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product B (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product C (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product D (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product E (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportednot detected.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product F (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
18 findings · 5 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldKongta et al. 2023all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshmedian.
Noodles, as soldKongta et al. 2023all samplesCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshmean.Same samples: 621,000 µg/kg (percentile); 972,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Noodles, as soldKongta et al. 2023all samplesCollection date unreportedmedian.
Noodles, as soldKongta et al. 2023all samplesCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018all noodle samples2017range.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018imported instant noodle (brand 4)2017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018imported instant noodles, 1 brand2017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 12017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 22017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodle brand 32017mean.
Noodles, as soldTajdar-oranj et al. 2018Iranian-made instant noodles, 3 brands2017mean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldKongta et al. 2023all samples (range)Collection date unreportedBasis not statedrange.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldWang et al. 2020Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not statedmean.
6 findings · 1 study
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product A (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product B (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product C (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product D (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product E (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product F (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
8 findings · 1 study
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 3 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 3 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 5 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 5 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 10 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019Boiled 10 minCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019unboiled controlCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, flour or mealLee et al. 2019unboiled controlCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
10 findings · 2 studies
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statednot detected.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statednot detected.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 1Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 2Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 3Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 4Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 5Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 6Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
Noodles, as soldEl et al. 2024retail product 7Collection date unreportedBasis not statedsample value.
2 findings · 1 study
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
59 findings · 2 studies
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand CCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand CCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period ICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IIICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IVCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all samples, overall mean across four sampling periodsCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outlet (B), brand S (produced and packed in China), period ICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
6 findings · 1 study
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product A (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product B (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product C (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product D (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product E (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, driedCharles et al. 2017Instant noodle product F (Port Harcourt retail)Collection date unreportedmean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshmean.
Noodles, as soldSafwan et al. 2023retail product 102020As sold / freshmean.
59 findings · 2 studies
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand ACollection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand BCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand CCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldShaikh et al. 2025retail brand CCollection date unreportedAs sold / freshsample value.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period ICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IIICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all 12 outlet-brand samples, sampling period IVCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021all samples, overall mean across four sampling periodsCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outlet (B), brand S (produced and packed in China), period ICollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021CBD outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Katutura outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Khomasdal outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
Noodles, as soldKakoma et al. 2021Monte Christo outletCollection date unreportedmean.
3 findings · 2 studies
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013all samples2010–2011Basis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshmean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Noodles, as soldChung et al. 2020all samples2017–2018As sold / freshmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019fish2017–2018Basis not statedmean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Noodles, as soldChung et al. 2020all samples2017–2018As sold / freshnot detected.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019fish2017–2018Basis not statednot detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019fish2017–2018Basis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, as soldElsheikh et al. 2020retail brand 17Collection date unreportedAs sold / freshmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, as soldChung et al. 2020all samples2017–2018As sold / freshmean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Noodles, as soldChung et al. 2020all samples2017–2018As sold / freshmean.
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019fish2017–2018Basis not statedmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, as soldChung et al. 2020all samples2017–2018As sold / freshmean.
1 finding · 1 study
Noodles, as soldCentre for Food Safety 2019fish2017–2018Basis not statedmean.
Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI noodles Pb reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Pb reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤6.20.6–6.6 (bounded)400–600 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤6.2≤7400–2800 (bounded)

17 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1033%
Elsheikh et al. 2020133%
Shaikh et al. 2025633%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-dc349e2cefc3:2570203f6e7e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Pb reference · Noodles, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Pb reference · Noodles, as sold, dry weight. Noodles, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤50≤50≤50
Alternative weighting≤50≤50≤50

23 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Kakoma et al. 202123100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Kakoma et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, as sold on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-9556231579bc:e248413b219b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Pb reference · Noodles, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Pb reference · Noodles, cooked. Noodles, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤14≤1484.5–91.5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤14≤1484.5–91.5 (bounded)

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food6100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, cooked on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-6f009d1dde6b:14cd5d519a10

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Cd reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Cd reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤5.115.5–16.7 (bounded)100
Alternative weighting≤5.115.5–16.7 (bounded)100

17 reference units; 3 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1333%
Elsheikh et al. 2020133%
Shaikh et al. 2025333%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

3 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-9f1d63f82aa7:48123d92f3e7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Cd reference · Noodles, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Cd reference · Noodles, as sold, dry weight. Noodles, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤5027–52 (bounded)54
Alternative weighting≤5027–52 (bounded)54

24 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food150%
Kakoma et al. 20212350%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-69b27808cc11:0d97f828df82

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Cd reference · Noodles, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Cd reference · Noodles, cooked. Noodles, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤4.58.25–9.7 (bounded)9.7–14 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤4.424.13–10.4 (bounded)11.9–16.7 (bounded)

9 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food9100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, cooked on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-9b167e77106e:92bafd241976

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles tAs reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles tAs reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤2≤3.7≤5.4
Alternative weighting≤2≤3.7≤5.4

2 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food150%
Elsheikh et al. 2020150%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-a5b0010557d2:60aec2cd82fb

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles tAs reference · Noodles, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI noodles tAs reference · Noodles, cooked. Noodles, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤5.6452.5–55.3 (bounded)105
Alternative weighting≤5.6452.5–55.3 (bounded)105

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food2100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, cooked on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-f975ab138dc6:f5b24c53a21b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles iAs reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles iAs reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤20≤20≤20
Alternative weighting≤20≤20≤20

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food1100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, as sold on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-37d4db688679:0d5cec66d387

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles tHg reference · Noodles, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI noodles tHg reference · Noodles, cooked. Noodles, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤3.95≤51.26–5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting≤3.95≤51.35–5 (bounded)

5 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
WHO GEMS/Food5100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, cooked on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-85ea45c5ba43:bb6af299bdaa

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Ni reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Ni reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1.1≤1.1≤1.1
Alternative weighting≤1.1≤1.1≤1.1

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Elsheikh et al. 20201100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Elsheikh et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, as sold on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-c23d837a9889:45ac78d41afc

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Al reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Al reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤5.5228000–228000 (bounded)456000
Alternative weighting≤5.5228000–228000 (bounded)456000

2 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Elsheikh et al. 2020150%
Kongta et al. 2023150%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-bf2012c55a12:aa611f9ea8af

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Al reference · Noodles, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Al reference · Noodles, as sold, dry weight. Noodles, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference714000714000714000
Alternative weighting714000714000714000

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Kongta et al. 20231100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Kongta et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, as sold on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-2750f50d024e:f8a5d4053408

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Cu reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Cu reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference340042005500
Alternative weighting340042005500

5 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Shaikh et al. 20255100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shaikh et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, as sold on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-bce4173c4175:03c0fa2e6891

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles Zn reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles Zn reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference920092509300
Alternative weighting920092509300

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Shaikh et al. 20252100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Shaikh et al. 2025 is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, as sold on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-dee6f7f9344f:e864631c5c4e

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles V reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles V reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤1.6≤1.6≤1.6
Alternative weighting≤1.6≤1.6≤1.6

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Elsheikh et al. 20201100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Elsheikh et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, as sold on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-7446eec1c57e:4b1fb149f5f5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI noodles DOT reference · Noodles, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI noodles DOT reference · Noodles, as sold. Noodles, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)Q1MedianQ3
Primary HMI reference≤0.25≤0.25≤0.25
Alternative weighting≤0.25≤0.25≤0.25

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing familyReference unitsWeight
Chung et al. 20201100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for noodles, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Chung et al. 2020 is the only compatible sampling family for noodles, as sold on this basis in the completed noodles ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:noodles-bf718dee2bc7:e7cba0efa1e5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

1 dataset

How metals reach noodles

The evidence on how metals reach noodles comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Noodles, as sold from retail brand C had cadmium higher at 1,300 µg/kg, against 100 µg/kg for retail brand A in the same study.4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

The HMI reference for lead in noodles, as sold pools 17 subgroup units from 3 sampling families, with a median of between 0.6 and 6.6 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 6.2 (lower quartile) and between 400 and 600 µg/kg (upper quartile).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Elsheikh MA, Ali DMH, Alotaibi SH · 2020Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OESAsian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-1278Read source →4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source → For lead in noodles, as sold, the reference median was below 50 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 50 to below 50 µg/kg across 23 units.6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source → For lead in noodles, cooked, the reference median was below 14 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 14 to between 84.5 and 91.5 µg/kg across 6 units.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, noodles, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (3.15 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (6.2 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in EMRO (16.5 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (54 µg/kg).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

In one study, lead across 13 groups of noodles ranged from 200 µg/kg (CBD outlet) to 2,500 µg/kg (CBD outlet); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source → In another study, lead across 11 groups of noodles ranged from 550 µg/kg (retail instant noodle product D) to 1,460 µg/kg (retail instant noodle product G); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.11Otitoju O, Otitoju GTO, Boyi RN, Baiyeri SO, Ezenwa CP · 2018Heavy Metal Quantification of Noodle Products Commonly Consumed in NigeriaJournal of Home Economics ResearchRead source →

Processing, cooking and preparation

Processed or prepared forms were compared only with unprocessed noodles in the same study and group. Noodles, cooked (PAHO) had cadmium lower at 9.7 µg/kg, against 17.5 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (noodles, as sold).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Forms differ in water content, so a per-kilogram difference is not by itself a measured removal or gain of metal.

Mitigation for noodles

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source → Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing noodles for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 1 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 3,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 1 µg/kg (Atawy 2026) to 50 µg/kg (Kakoma et al. 2021), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.5Atawy HM · 2026Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Concentrations in Noodle Samples from Iraqi Markets and Study Probabilistic Health Risks AssociatedAmerican Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy 3(7):59-67Read source →6Kakoma FIS, Awofolu OR · 2021CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260Read source → Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 2 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 50 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying noodles

No maximum level for metals in noodles was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from noodles

No source in the library converted noodles concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names noodles was decided on its content: 22 occurrence extracted, 22 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Noodles FAQs

What heavy metals are found in noodles?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, total mercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, Cu, Mn, Zn, V, Ba, DBT, DOT, OTC_sum_as_Sn, Si, sumOTC, TBT, TPhT and TPT in noodles, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →2Elsheikh MA, Ali DMH, Alotaibi SH · 2020Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OESAsian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-1278Read source →3Safwan MF, Amayreh MA · 2023Assessment and health risk study of some heavy metals in instant soup and chicken stock products from Jordanian marketAfrican Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and DevelopmentRead source →4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source → WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in noodles, as sold from 35 results in 2 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 3.15 to 6.2 µg/kg.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

How do heavy metals get into noodles?

In the studies available, noodles from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than noodles from the same study’s control.4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source → Noodles, as sold from retail brand A had lead higher at 600 µg/kg, against 400 µg/kg for retail brand A in the same study.4Shaikh U, Samant R · 2025Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsInternational Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025Read source →

Which regions report the lowest levels in noodles?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, noodles, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (3.15 µg/kg) and the highest in WPRO (6.2 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in EMRO (16.5 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (54 µg/kg).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

Does processing change heavy metals in noodles?

Only comparisons between forms in the same study are available, not before-and-after measurements of the same noodles.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source → Noodles, cooked (PAHO) had cadmium lower at 9.7 µg/kg, against 17.5 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (noodles, as sold).1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →

How much of the arsenic in noodles is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 4 results from 3 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →12Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →13European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source → Across 2 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported inorganic arsenic means and medians with the basis not stated ranged from 3 µg/kg (Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012) to 14 µg/kg (European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2014).12Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →13European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · 2014Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597Read source →

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

  1. GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
  2. Evaluation of Some Toxic and Essential Trace Elements in Children Foods and Infant Formulae by Using ICP-OESElsheikh MA, Ali DMH, and Alotaibi SH · Asian Journal of Chemistry 32(6):1273-1278 · 2020 · doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22499Peer-reviewed
  3. Assessment and health risk study of some heavy metals in instant soup and chicken stock products from Jordanian marketSafwan MF and Amayreh MA · African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development · 2023 · doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.120.23125Peer-reviewed
  4. Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Ready to Eat Food ProductsShaikh U and Samant R · International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) 7(6), November-December 2025 · 2025 · doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i06.64548Peer-reviewed
  5. Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Concentrations in Noodle Samples from Iraqi Markets and Study Probabilistic Health Risks AssociatedAtawy HM · American Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy 3(7):59-67 · 2026 · doi.org/10.51699/ajbp.v3i7.2394Peer-reviewed
  6. CONTAMINATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF INSTANT NOODLES BY HEAVY METALS FROM COMMERCIAL OUTLETS IN WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAKakoma FIS and Awofolu OR · African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21(7):18245-18260 · 2021 · doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.102.19700Peer-reviewed
  7. Health risk assessment of instant noodles commonly consumed in Port Harcourt, NigeriaCharles IA, Ogbolosingha AJ, and Afia IU · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · 2017 · doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0583-0Peer-reviewed
  8. The concentration of heavy metals in noodle samples from Iran’s market: probabilistic health risk assessmentBehrouz Tajdar-oranj, Nabi Shariatifar, Mahmood Alimohammadi, Leila Peivasteh-roudsari, Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki, Yadolah Fakhri, et al. · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · 2018 · doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3030-yPeer-reviewed
  9. Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Instant Noodles from Local Markets in Benghazi, LibyaEl Ziani N, Ben ghazi R, and Yaghi M · Sebha University Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences · 2024 · doi.org/10.51984/JOPAS.V23I2.3111Peer-reviewed
  10. Analysis of lead, arsenic, and cadmium concentrations in instant noodles within the Canadian marketKatyal D, Chen D, and Kuo H · BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal · 2020 · doi.org/10.47339/ephj.2020.167Peer-reviewed
  11. Heavy Metal Quantification of Noodle Products Commonly Consumed in NigeriaOtitoju O, Otitoju GTO, Boyi RN, Baiyeri SO, and Ezenwa CP · Journal of Home Economics Research · 2018Peer-reviewed
  12. The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment
  13. Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European populationEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) · EFSA Journal 2014;12(3):3597 · 2014 · doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3597Government

Sources

Browse Noodles Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every noodles record in the library: 22 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

Referenced by

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