Heavy metals in Beef

Quick read

Beef in the HMI library has 976 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, AsIII, AsV, Ba, Be, CrIII, CrVI, Mg, Mo, REE_sum, Sr and Tl from 45 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Adjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, Blessie E · 2023Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsCornous Biology 1(1):26-34Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Bilandžić N, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Đokić M, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Roncarati A · 2020Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Beef and Pork Meat Cuts Available to the Population in the Croatian CapitalFoods 2020, 9, 1861Read source →}^{6Di Bella C, Traina A, Giosue C, Carpintieri D, Lo Dico GM, Bellante A, Del Core M, Falco F, Gherardi S, Uccello MM, Ferrantelli V · 2020Heavy Metals and PAHs in Meat, Milk, and Seafood From Augusta Area (Southern Italy): Contamination Levels, Dietary Intake, and Human Exposure AssessmentFrontiers in Public Health 8:273Read source →}

Metals measured:
Lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid and monomethylarsonic acid and others, in 976 results from 45 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Adjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, Blessie E · 2023Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsCornous Biology 1(1):26-34Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}
Main drivers:
Beef, as sold from chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 1C had lead higher at 720 µg/kg, against 640 µg/kg for all 15 chilled samples, Sharkia in the same study.^{7Mohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, Alsayeqh AF, Darwish WS, Nasr EAA · 2023Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptNot reportedRead source →}
Practical framing:
Ask for lot results with a quantification limit well below the limit that applies in the destination market.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Adjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, Blessie E · 2023Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsCornous Biology 1(1):26-34Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}

Beef overview

Beef in the HMI library has 976 reported results for lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, AsIII, AsV, Ba, Be, CrIII, CrVI, Mg, Mo, REE_sum, Sr and Tl from 45 sources.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Adjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, Blessie E · 2023Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsCornous Biology 1(1):26-34Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Bilandžić N, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Đokić M, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Roncarati A · 2020Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Beef and Pork Meat Cuts Available to the Population in the Croatian CapitalFoods 2020, 9, 1861Read source →}^{6Di Bella C, Traina A, Giosue C, Carpintieri D, Lo Dico GM, Bellante A, Del Core M, Falco F, Gherardi S, Uccello MM, Ferrantelli V · 2020Heavy Metals and PAHs in Meat, Milk, and Seafood From Augusta Area (Southern Italy): Contamination Levels, Dietary Intake, and Human Exposure AssessmentFrontiers in Public Health 8:273Read source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in beef, as sold from 16,949 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 2.05 to 36 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} In the US Total Diet Study, beef, cooked had a median lead result below 4 µg/kg across 27 composites from 2017–2020.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}

Across 11 other studies of ordinary farms and markets, reported lead means and medians on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis ranged from 1.37 µg/kg (Bilandžić et al. 2020) to 2,600 µg/kg (Mohamed et al. 2023).^{5Bilandžić N, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Đokić M, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Roncarati A · 2020Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Beef and Pork Meat Cuts Available to the Population in the Croatian CapitalFoods 2020, 9, 1861Read source →}^{7Mohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, Alsayeqh AF, Darwish WS, Nasr EAA · 2023Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptNot reportedRead source →} For cadmium, 11 studies on an as-sold or fresh-weight basis reported means and medians from 0.5 µg/kg (Stojanović et al. 2021) to 81 µg/kg (Morshdy et al. 2023).^{8Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}^{9A.E. Morshdy, R.E. Yousef, A.E. Tharwat, M.A. Hussein · 2023Risks assessment of toxic metals in canned meat and chickenFood ResearchRead source →} Higher results came from contaminated or exposed settings rather than ordinary supply. Beef, frozen from frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 8F had total mercury higher at 450 µg/kg, against 80 µg/kg for all 15 frozen samples, Sharkia in the same study.^{7Mohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, Alsayeqh AF, Darwish WS, Nasr EAA · 2023Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptNot reportedRead source →}

For a buyer the practical points are the form bought, the basis a result is reported on, where the beef came from and the laboratory’s reporting limit. Testing finds contamination but does not remove it.

What counts as beef

This page covers beef in 5 forms kept separate in every comparison: beef, as sold (818 results), beef, frozen (74 results), beef, canned (52 results), beef, cooked (30 results) and beef, powder or ground (2 results).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Adjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, Blessie E · 2023Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsCornous Biology 1(1):26-34Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Bilandžić N, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Đokić M, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Roncarati A · 2020Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Beef and Pork Meat Cuts Available to the Population in the Croatian CapitalFoods 2020, 9, 1861Read source →}^{6Di Bella C, Traina A, Giosue C, Carpintieri D, Lo Dico GM, Bellante A, Del Core M, Falco F, Gherardi S, Uccello MM, Ferrantelli V · 2020Heavy Metals and PAHs in Meat, Milk, and Seafood From Augusta Area (Southern Italy): Contamination Levels, Dietary Intake, and Human Exposure AssessmentFrontiers in Public Health 8:273Read source →} Foods made from beef that have their own pages, such as ground beef, are covered there.

Results stay on the basis each source reports: as sold or fresh weight, dry weight, or unstated. Dry-weight, as-sold and unstated results are never pooled, and no moisture conversion is applied.

Heavy metal contamination profile of beef

The table holds every extracted beef result: one row for each statistic a source reports for a form, group and metal, 976 rows in all, grouped by metal and form; percentiles, ranges and maxima for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Adjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, Blessie E · 2023Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsCornous Biology 1(1):26-34Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Bilandžić N, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Đokić M, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Roncarati A · 2020Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Beef and Pork Meat Cuts Available to the Population in the Croatian CapitalFoods 2020, 9, 1861Read source →}^{6Di Bella C, Traina A, Giosue C, Carpintieri D, Lo Dico GM, Bellante A, Del Core M, Falco F, Gherardi S, Uccello MM, Ferrantelli V · 2020Heavy Metals and PAHs in Meat, Milk, and Seafood From Augusta Area (Southern Italy): Contamination Levels, Dietary Intake, and Human Exposure AssessmentFrontiers in Public Health 8:273Read source →} Monitoring medians are HMI calculations from individual submissions; non-detects remain intervals between zero and the reporting limit and are never read as zero.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

81 rows can be rated against an HMI reference for the same form and basis, 181 rows have a direct same-study comparison, and the rest stay unrated with the reason recorded. 44 values from 10 sources failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.^{3Adjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, Blessie E · 2023Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsCornous Biology 1(1):26-34Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →}^{5Bilandžić N, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Đokić M, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Roncarati A · 2020Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Beef and Pork Meat Cuts Available to the Population in the Croatian CapitalFoods 2020, 9, 1861Read source →}^{10Adilbekov Z, Mustafina R, Suleimenov S, Serikova A, Zhuzzassarova G, Suranshiyev Z, Bainiyazov A · 2026Technogenic contamination of livestock- and fish-derived food products with heavy metals and radionuclides in industrial and post-nuclear regions of KazakhstanVeterinary World 2026, 19(3): 1052-1068Read source →}^{11Maikanov BS, Ismagulova GT, Auteleyeva LT, Kemeshov ZO, Zhanabayeva DK · 2021Assessment of quality and safety of meats from various animal species in the Shuchinsk-Burabay resort zone, KazakhstanVeterinary World 14(6):1615-1621Read source →}^{12Rabeey MA, Sabala RF, Zakaria AI, Sallam KI · 2025Health risk assessment of heavy metals in imported frozen bovine meat and organs marketed in Sohag, EgyptScientific ReportsRead source →}^{13Raeeszadeh M, Gravandi H, Akbari A · 2021Determination of some heavy metals concentration in species animal meat (sheep, beef, turkey, and ostrich) and carcinogenic health risk assessment in Kurdistan province, western IranResearch SquareRead source →}^{14Henríquez-Hernández LA, Acosta-Dacal AC, Boada LD, Zumbado M, Serra-Majem L, Luzardo OP · 2023Concentration of Essential, Toxic, and Rare Earth Elements in Ready-to-Eat Baby Purees from the Spanish MarketNutrients 15(14):3251Read source →}^{15Loutfy N, Mentler A, Shoeab M, Ahmed MT, Fuerhacker M · 2012Analysis and exposure assessment of some heavy metals in foodstuffs from Ismailia city, EgyptToxicological & Environmental ChemistryRead source →}^{16Kasozi KI, Hamira Y, Zirintunda G, Alsharif KF, Altalbawy FMA, Ekou J, Tamale A, Matama K, Ssempijja F, Muyinda R, Kawooya F, Pius T, Kisakye H, Bogere P, Matovu H, Omadang L, Etiang P, Mbogua J, Ochieng JJ, Osuwat LO, Mujinya R, Batiha GE, Otim O · 2021Descriptive Analysis of Heavy Metals Content of Beef From Eastern Uganda and Their Safety for Public ConsumptionFrontiers in NutritionRead source →}

Comparison methods and scope

Each row is one statistic a source reports for one form of beef, group and metal; percentiles, ranges and maxima reported for the same samples as a mean or median are shown on that row. Different forms and preparation states are kept apart, and dry-weight results never share a reference with as-sold or fresh-weight results. Ratings place a result against an HMI reference built from monitoring results and ordinary-setting medians for the same form and basis. Same-study contrasts compare a contaminated or treated site with its control, targeted with random sampling, a prepared form with the unprocessed one, or one group of a study with the median of its other groups. Held rows failed a check against their own source and are shown but not compared.

Filter findings

AnalyteFood formCollection regionCollection periodSourceCompare withComparable findings only

787 of 787 findings · 33 analytes

About this table

Food formCollection scopeFindingComparisonEvidence

Beef findings from monitoring programmes, total diet studies and every extracted field, market and contaminated-site study, in µg/kg with each source’s form, basis, statistic and censoring retained.
Food form	Collection scope	Finding (µg/kg)

122 findings · 29 studies · 21 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2017	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006–2008	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2012	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2000–2017	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2011–2017	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2015	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2014–2016	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2013–2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009–2014	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2016	median.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	all three Accra markets (Ashaiman, Madina, Makola)Collection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Ashaiman market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Madina market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Makola market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldauthors 2021	beef, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 6.9 µg/kg (minimum); 2.78 µg/kg (minimum); 0.75 µg/kg (minimum); 0.91 µg/kg (minimum); 0.84 µg/kg (minimum); 44.1 µg/kg (maximum); 3.05 µg/kg (maximum); 3.48 µg/kg (maximum); 8.03 µg/kg (maximum); 2.57 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldDi et al. 2020	farms in Augusta-Melilli-Priolo SNI2018	mean.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldIslam et al. 2015	Bogra district, all samples2012	mean.
Beef, as soldKhalafalla et al. 2011	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012	Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007	mean.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 3.5 µg/kg (minimum); 3.5 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	all 15 chilled samples, SharkiaCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 1CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 2CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 3CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 4CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 5CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 6CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 7CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 8CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 9CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 10CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 11CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 12CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 13CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 14CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 15CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldShaltout et al. 2020	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned beef goulash (sample stored 3 months)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned beef goulash (sample stored 3 months)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned meatballs in tomato sauceCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	median.
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	mean.Same samples: 96 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	max.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Abdullahpur Paikari Bazar (AP), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Azimpur Kacha Bazar (AKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Bakshi Bazar (BB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Banani Kacha Bazar (BKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Farmgate Bazar (FB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Gabtoli Kacha Bazar (GM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Gulistan Kacha Bazar (GKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Kalabagan Staff quarter Math Bazar (KSM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Kawran Bazar market (KBM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Malibug Bazar (MLM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Meradia Bazar (MB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mirpur Krishi Market (MQM), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohakhali Kacha Bazar (MKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohammadpur Krishi market (MKM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohammadpur Town Market (MTM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Old Dhaka Babu Bazar (ODB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Old Dhaka Moulivi Bazar (ODM), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Tejgaon Kacha Bazar (TKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Uttara Kacha Bazar (UKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Zinjira Kacha Bazar (ZKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldOladoye et al. 2016	processed spice, Odo-Ori Market sample Spice-82015Dry weight	not detected.
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018–2019Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Shortandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 2.5 µg/kg (minimum); 3.5 µg/kg (minimum); 49.1 µg/kg (maximum); 20.8 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 2,410 µg/kg (minimum); 10,900 µg/kg (maximum); 4,270 µg/kg (percentile); 6,520 µg/kg (percentile)
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	range.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in FebruaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in JanuaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in MarchCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in OkpunoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
18 findings · 3 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	all 15 frozen samples, SharkiaCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 1FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 2FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 3FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 4FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 5FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 6FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 7FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 8FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 9FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 10FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 11FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 12FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 13FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 14FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 15FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenRabeey et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 20–2,000 µg/kg (range)
Beef, frozenRabeey et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Beef, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	Beef2025Basis not stated	mean.
11 findings · 3 studies
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	all storage periods and producersCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 0 y 3 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 0 y 11 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 2 y 2 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 3 y 2 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 4 y 0 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 5 y 1 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 5 y 9 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
6 findings · 4 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Beef, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020	median.
Beef, cookedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 10.2 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.

125 findings · 30 studies · 16 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2009–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2006	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2013	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2003–2008	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2003–2017	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO1999–2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017–2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2017–2019	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010–2014	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	all three Accra markets (Ashaiman, Madina, Makola)Collection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Ashaiman market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Madina market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Makola market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldauthors 2021	beef, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 0.8 µg/kg (minimum); 0.72 µg/kg (minimum); 1.49 µg/kg (maximum); 2.44 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	not detected.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	not detected.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	not detected.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldDi et al. 2020	farms in Augusta-Melilli-Priolo SNI2018	not detected.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldIslam et al. 2015	Bogra district, all samples2012	mean.
Beef, as soldKhalafalla et al. 2011	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012	Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007	mean.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	all 15 chilled samples, SharkiaCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 1CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 2CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 3CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 4CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 5CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 6CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 7CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 8CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 9CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 10CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 11CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 12CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 13CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 14CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 15CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldShaltout et al. 2020	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned beef goulash (sample stored 3 months)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned beef goulash (sample stored 3 months)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned meatballs in tomato sauceCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	median.
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	mean.Same samples: 153 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	max.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Abdullahpur Paikari Bazar (AP), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Azimpur Kacha Bazar (AKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Bakshi Bazar (BB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Banani Kacha Bazar (BKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Farmgate Bazar (FB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Gabtoli Kacha Bazar (GM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Gulistan Kacha Bazar (GKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Kalabagan Staff quarter Math Bazar (KSM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Kawran Bazar market (KBM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Malibug Bazar (MLM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Meradia Bazar (MB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mirpur Krishi Market (MQM), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohakhali Kacha Bazar (MKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohammadpur Krishi market (MKM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohammadpur Town Market (MTM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Old Dhaka Babu Bazar (ODB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Old Dhaka Moulivi Bazar (ODM), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Tejgaon Kacha Bazar (TKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Uttara Kacha Bazar (UKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Zinjira Kacha Bazar (ZKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldOladoye et al. 2016	processed spice, Odo-Ori Market sample Spice-82015Dry weight	not detected.
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2018–2019Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Shortandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 0.57 µg/kg (minimum); 4.73 µg/kg (maximum); 4.71 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 110 µg/kg (minimum); 980 µg/kg (maximum); 300 µg/kg (percentile); 490 µg/kg (percentile)
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	range.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldLukáčová et al. 2015	domestic production, central Slovakia2013Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldLukáčová et al. 2015	domestic production, central Slovakia2013Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 21.3 µg/kg (minimum); 48.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldLukáčová et al. 2015	domestic production, central Slovakia2013Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldLukáčová et al. 2015	domestic production, central Slovakia2013Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldLukáčová et al. 2015	foreign production, countries of West Europe2013Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldLukáčová et al. 2015	foreign production, countries of West Europe2013Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 65.7 µg/kg (minimum); 165 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldLukáčová et al. 2015	foreign production, countries of West Europe2013Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldLukáčová et al. 2015	foreign production, countries of West Europe2013Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in FebruaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in JanuaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in MarchCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in OkpunoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
18 findings · 3 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	all 15 frozen samples, SharkiaCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 1FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 2FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 3FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 4FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 5FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 6FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 7FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 8FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 9FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 10FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 11FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 12FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 13FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 14FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 15FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenRabeey et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 7–100 µg/kg (range)
Beef, frozenRabeey et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	range.
Beef, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	Beef2025Basis not stated	mean.
11 findings · 3 studies
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	all storage periods and producersCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 0 y 3 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 0 y 11 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 2 y 2 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 3 y 2 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 4 y 0 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 5 y 1 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 5 y 9 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
5 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Beef, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020	median.
Beef, cookedSpungen et al. 2024	all samples2018–2020	not detected.
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	median.
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 0.29 µg/kg (minimum); 9.55 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	min.
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	5 city composites1986–1988Basis not stated	max.

91 findings · 22 studies · 12 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2007–2015	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008–2015	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2006–2015	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2023	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2021	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2016–2022	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	PAHO2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2009–2014	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	all three Accra markets (Ashaiman, Madina, Makola)Collection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Ashaiman market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Madina market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldAdjei et al. 2023	Makola market, AccraCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldauthors 2021	beef, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 1.46 µg/kg (minimum); 2.11 µg/kg (minimum); 1.96 µg/kg (minimum); 2.98 µg/kg (maximum); 3.96 µg/kg (maximum); 249 µg/kg (maximum); 13.5 µg/kg (maximum); 59.6 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldDi et al. 2020	farms in Augusta-Melilli-Priolo SNI2018	mean.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldIslam et al. 2015	Bogra district, all samples2012	mean.
Beef, as soldKhalafalla et al. 2011	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 11.1 µg/kg (minimum); 23.9 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	all 15 chilled samples, SharkiaCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 1CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 2CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 3CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 4CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 5CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 6CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 7CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 8CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 9CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 10CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 11CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 12CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 13CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 14CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 15CCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 1, retail item 1, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 1, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 2, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 3, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 4, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned beef goulash (sample stored 3 months)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned beef goulash (sample stored 3 months)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned meatballs in tomato sauceCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	median.
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	mean.Same samples: 190 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	max.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Abdullahpur Paikari Bazar (AP), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Azimpur Kacha Bazar (AKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Bakshi Bazar (BB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Banani Kacha Bazar (BKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Farmgate Bazar (FB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Gabtoli Kacha Bazar (GM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Gulistan Kacha Bazar (GKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Kalabagan Staff quarter Math Bazar (KSM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Kawran Bazar market (KBM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Malibug Bazar (MLM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Meradia Bazar (MB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mirpur Krishi Market (MQM), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohakhali Kacha Bazar (MKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohammadpur Krishi market (MKM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohammadpur Town Market (MTM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Old Dhaka Babu Bazar (ODB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Old Dhaka Moulivi Bazar (ODM), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Tejgaon Kacha Bazar (TKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Uttara Kacha Bazar (UKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Zinjira Kacha Bazar (ZKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldEFSA 2021	EU occurrence data (LB)2013–2018Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldEFSA 2021	EU occurrence data (UB)2013–2018Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
16 findings · 1 study
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	all 15 frozen samples, SharkiaCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 1FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 2FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 3FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 4FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 5FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 6FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 7FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 8FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 9FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 10FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 11FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 12FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 13FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 14FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 15FCollection date unreported	mean.
11 findings · 3 studies
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	all storage periods and producersCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 0 y 3 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 0 y 11 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 2 y 2 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 3 y 2 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 4 y 0 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 5 y 1 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 5 y 9 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020	median.

5 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 0.3 µg/kg (minimum); 5.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR 2012	all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

4 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 1, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 2, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 3, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 4, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	not detected.

4 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 1, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 2, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 3, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 4, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	not detected.

40 findings · 12 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	AFRO2018	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2017	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2004–2020	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2015–2017	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2008	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2014	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2008	median.
Beef, as soldauthors 2021	beef, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000	sample value.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 2003	Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000	sample value.
Beef, as soldDi et al. 2020	farms in Augusta-Melilli-Priolo SNI2018	not detected.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldKhalafalla et al. 2011	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	all 15 chilled samples, SharkiaCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 1CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 2CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 3CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 4CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 5CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 6CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 7CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 8CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 9CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 10CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 11CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 12CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 13CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 14CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldMohamed et al. 2023	chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 15CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned beef goulash (sample stored 3 months)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned beef goulash (sample stored 3 months)Collection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldStojanović et al. 2021	ingredient for canned meatballs in tomato sauceCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	median.
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	mean.Same samples: 19 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldSzkoda et al. 2013	cattle, Poland national residue control plan 2008-20122008–2012	max.
Beef, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldMaikanov et al. 2021	Shuchinsk-Burabay markets2018–2020Basis not stated	mean.
17 findings · 2 studies · 1 spread figure folded in
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	all 15 frozen samples, SharkiaCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 1FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 2FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 3FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 4FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 5FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 6FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 7FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 8FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 9FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 10FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 11FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 12FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 13FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 14FCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, frozenMohamed et al. 2023	frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 15FCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, frozenRabeey et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.Same samples: 13–1,230 µg/kg (range)
Beef, frozenRabeey et al. 2025	all samplesCollection date unreported	range.
10 findings · 2 studies
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	all storage periods and producersCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 0 y 3 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 0 y 11 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 2 y 2 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	not detected.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer A, stored 3 y 2 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 4 y 0 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 5 y 1 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, cannedStojanović et al. 2021	producer B, stored 5 y 9 m at up to 25 CCollection date unreported	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020	median.
2 findings · 1 study
Beef, powder or groundDabeka et al. 2003	Ottawa composite (retail Oct-Nov 2000)1998–2000	sample value.
Beef, powder or groundDabeka et al. 2003	Whitehorse composite (retail Jan-Feb 1998)1998–2000	sample value.

2 findings · 2 studies
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	EURO2019	median.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

23 findings · 12 studies · 15 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldauthors 2021	beef, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 4.1 µg/kg (minimum); 6.05 µg/kg (minimum); 7.42 µg/kg (minimum); 13.9 µg/kg (minimum); 39.9 µg/kg (minimum); 8.08 µg/kg (maximum); 11.6 µg/kg (maximum); 1,360 µg/kg (maximum); 15.7 µg/kg (maximum); 85.2 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldDi et al. 2020	farms in Augusta-Melilli-Priolo SNI2018	not detected.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldIslam et al. 2015	Bogra district, all samples2012	mean.
Beef, as soldKhalafalla et al. 2011	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldManfredi et al. 2025	all samples, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy official controls2011–2023	median.
Beef, as soldManfredi et al. 2025	all samples, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy official controls2011–2023	mean.Same samples: 606 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldManfredi et al. 2025	all samples, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy official controls2011–2023	min.
Beef, as soldManfredi et al. 2025	all samples, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy official controls2011–2023	max.
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 5,970 µg/kg (minimum); 26,600 µg/kg (maximum); 8,970 µg/kg (percentile); 20,700 µg/kg (percentile)
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	range.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
3 findings · 3 studies
Beef, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020	median.
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.

43 findings · 14 studies · 16 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldauthors 2021	beef, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 20.7 µg/kg (minimum); 16.4 µg/kg (minimum); 17.6 µg/kg (minimum); 17.7 µg/kg (minimum); 25.3 µg/kg (minimum); 55.8 µg/kg (maximum); 90.3 µg/kg (maximum); 48.7 µg/kg (maximum); 80.8 µg/kg (maximum); 60.7 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldDi et al. 2020	farms in Augusta-Melilli-Priolo SNI2018	not detected.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldIslam et al. 2015	Bogra district, all samples2012	mean.
Beef, as soldKhalafalla et al. 2011	all samplesCollection date unreported	mean.
Beef, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012	Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007	mean.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 61.4 µg/kg (minimum); 2,220 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Beef, as soldSaraiva et al. 2021	single retail sampleCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Abdullahpur Paikari Bazar (AP), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Azimpur Kacha Bazar (AKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Bakshi Bazar (BB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Banani Kacha Bazar (BKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Farmgate Bazar (FB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Gabtoli Kacha Bazar (GM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Gulistan Kacha Bazar (GKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Kalabagan Staff quarter Math Bazar (KSM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Kawran Bazar market (KBM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Malibug Bazar (MLM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Meradia Bazar (MB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mirpur Krishi Market (MQM), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohakhali Kacha Bazar (MKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohammadpur Krishi market (MKM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Mohammadpur Town Market (MTM), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Old Dhaka Babu Bazar (ODB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Old Dhaka Moulivi Bazar (ODM), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Tejgaon Kacha Bazar (TKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Uttara Kacha Bazar (UKB), Dhaka, phase 22020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldHossain et al. 2022	Zinjira Kacha Bazar (ZKB), Dhaka, phase 12020–2021Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldLiang et al. 2019	Beijing, four sampling sites pooledCollection date unreportedDry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 6,940 µg/kg (minimum); 35,900 µg/kg (maximum); 13,000 µg/kg (percentile); 25,700 µg/kg (percentile)
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	range.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	Beef2025Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cannedSalahel et al. 2025	Qena Governorate markets2022Basis not stated	mean.
2 findings · 2 studies
Beef, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020	median.
Beef, cookedSaraiva et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

14 findings · 6 studies · 10 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 2,800 µg/kg (minimum); 334 µg/kg (minimum); 207 µg/kg (minimum); 365 µg/kg (minimum); 199 µg/kg (minimum); 5,900 µg/kg (maximum); 417 µg/kg (maximum); 789 µg/kg (maximum); 506 µg/kg (maximum); 247 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	all samples (both areas)2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	Other (non-Songhua) area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldWang et al. 2020	Songhua River basin area2015–2016Basis not stated	mean.
4 findings · 2 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedStahl et al. 2017	all samples (Hessian State Laboratory monitoring series)2011	median.
Beef, cannedStahl et al. 2017	all samples (Hessian State Laboratory monitoring series)2011	mean.Same samples: 520 µg/kg (minimum); 1,100 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, cannedStahl et al. 2017	all samples (Hessian State Laboratory monitoring series)2011	min.
Beef, cannedStahl et al. 2017	all samples (Hessian State Laboratory monitoring series)2011	max.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

6 findings · 4 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO2010	median.
Beef, as soldWHO GEMS/Food	WPRO1998–2000	median.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 127 µg/kg (minimum); 237 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
2 findings · 1 study
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
Beef, cannedMorshdy et al. 2023	all samples (Sharkia Governorate retail)2020	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

5 findings · 3 studies
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.

2 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedFDA Total Diet Study	6 collection regions2017–2020	median.

8 findings · 3 studies · 2 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 840 µg/kg (minimum); 3,040 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	range.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedDabeka et al. 1995	Montreal composite1986–1988Basis not stated	sample value.

36 findings · 13 studies · 16 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldauthors 2021	beef, Zhejiang2018–2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 16 µg/kg (minimum); 400 µg/kg (minimum); 480 µg/kg (minimum); 550 µg/kg (minimum); 680 µg/kg (minimum); 24 µg/kg (maximum); 760 µg/kg (maximum); 880 µg/kg (maximum); 700 µg/kg (maximum); 1,060 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldIslam et al. 2015	Bogra district, all samples2012	mean.
Beef, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012	Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007	mean.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	mean.Same samples: 603 µg/kg (minimum); 1,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	min.
Beef, as soldMarín et al. 2018	Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-20112010–2011	max.
Beef, as soldOladoye et al. 2016	processed spice, Odo-Ori Market sample Spice-82015Dry weight	sample value.
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Shortandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 700 µg/kg (minimum); 3,600 µg/kg (maximum); 980 µg/kg (percentile); 1,750 µg/kg (percentile)
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	range.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in FebruaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in JanuaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in MarchCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in OkpunoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, frozenAltalib et al. 2025	Beef2025Basis not stated	mean.

17 findings · 7 studies · 14 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 340 µg/kg (minimum); 12,500 µg/kg (minimum); 8,740 µg/kg (minimum); 13,100 µg/kg (minimum); 8,190 µg/kg (minimum); 850 µg/kg (maximum); 33,000 µg/kg (maximum); 34,000 µg/kg (maximum); 25,300 µg/kg (maximum); 30,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldOladoye et al. 2016	processed spice, Odo-Ori Market sample Spice-82015Dry weight	sample value.
Beef, as soldAmmar et al. 2023	raw ingredient used in cooking experimentsCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 65,400 µg/kg (minimum); 1,510,000 µg/kg (maximum); 83,300 µg/kg (percentile); 173,000 µg/kg (percentile)
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	range.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in FebruaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in JanuaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in MarchCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in OkpunoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

7 findings · 2 studies · 10 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 18 µg/kg (minimum); 51 µg/kg (minimum); 30 µg/kg (minimum); 53 µg/kg (minimum); 82 µg/kg (minimum); 29 µg/kg (maximum); 120 µg/kg (maximum); 140 µg/kg (maximum); 340 µg/kg (maximum); 190 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.

34 findings · 11 studies · 14 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 1,980 µg/kg (minimum); 35,800 µg/kg (minimum); 25,000 µg/kg (minimum); 50,000 µg/kg (minimum); 32,100 µg/kg (minimum); 2,310 µg/kg (maximum); 41,900 µg/kg (maximum); 67,900 µg/kg (maximum); 61,200 µg/kg (maximum); 68,300 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldDi et al. 2020	farms in Augusta-Melilli-Priolo SNI2018	mean.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldLoutfy et al. 2012	Ismailia city markets, pooled samples2007	mean.
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Abai region (formerly the East Kazakhstan region)2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Abai district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Akkol district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aksuat district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Aktogay district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Ayagoz district, Abai region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Karaganda region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Shortandy district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldAdilbekov et al. 2026	Zerenda district, Akmola region2024–2025Basis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldFMSE et al. 2022	single retail product, Egyptian supermarket2020–2021Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	median.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	mean.Same samples: 21,500 µg/kg (minimum); 79,300 µg/kg (maximum); 35,500 µg/kg (percentile); 52,300 µg/kg (percentile)
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	range.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	min.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	max.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldKasozi et al. 2021	all 40 samples2019–2020Basis not stated	percentile.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in FebruaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in JanuaryCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in Okpuno, Awka South, bought in MarchCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldOkeke et al. 2024	market in OkpunoCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	fresh meat, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 1 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 2 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldTodorovska et al. 2023	sausages, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)Collection date unreportedBasis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldZealand 2011	all samples2008Basis not stated	mean.

3 findings · 2 studies
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	not detected.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) 2013	all samples2010–2011Basis not stated	mean.

8 findings · 3 studies · 10 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 33 µg/kg (minimum); 110 µg/kg (minimum); 40 µg/kg (minimum); 29 µg/kg (minimum); 40 µg/kg (maximum); 170 µg/kg (maximum); 140 µg/kg (maximum); 160 µg/kg (maximum); 560 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldRaeeszadeh et al. 2021	Sanandaj distribution centers2020Dry weight	mean.

2 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.

4 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 1, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 2, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 3, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 4, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.

4 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 1, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 2, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 3, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.
Beef, as soldRoberge et al. 2009	lot 2, retail item 4, one Tucson supermarketCollection date unreported	sample value.

4 findings · 2 studies
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	sample value.

2 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.

1 finding · 1 study
Beef, as soldSaraiva et al. 2021	single retail sampleCollection date unreported	sample value.
1 finding · 1 study
Beef, cookedSaraiva et al. 2021	all samplesCollection date unreportedBasis not stated	mean.

1 finding · 1 study
Beef, as soldSaraiva et al. 2021	single retail sampleCollection date unreported	not detected.

5 findings · 1 study · 10 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 370 µg/kg (minimum); 236,000 µg/kg (minimum); 167,000 µg/kg (minimum); 213,000 µg/kg (minimum); 208,000 µg/kg (minimum); 420 µg/kg (maximum); 241,000 µg/kg (maximum); 208,000 µg/kg (maximum); 235,000 µg/kg (maximum); 269,000 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.

7 findings · 2 studies · 10 spread figures folded in
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.Same samples: 5 µg/kg (minimum); 8 µg/kg (minimum); 9 µg/kg (minimum); 14 µg/kg (maximum); 10 µg/kg (maximum); 164 µg/kg (maximum); 15 µg/kg (maximum); 26 µg/kg (maximum)
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	mean.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	min.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldBilandžić et al. 2020	butcher shops, grocery stores and supermarkets, Zagreb2020	max.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.

2 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.

2 findings · 1 study
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.

4 findings · 2 studies
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	name-brand productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldHenríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	store-brand (private label) productsCollection date unreported	median.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 3_162014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.
Beef, as soldBaxter et al. 2015	food category composite 5_292014–2015Basis not stated	not detected.

Shared dataset methods and interpretation

Source summaries retain their original statistic, material, basis and censoring. Each source drawer identifies methods and overlapping samples. No matched reference or pooled distribution is inferred.

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5	≤10	8.2–10 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤5	≤10	8.2–10 (bounded)

88 reference units; 5 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	78	20%
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	20%
Mohamed et al. 2023	4	20%
Stojanović et al. 2021	3	20%
Szkoda et al. 2013	1	20%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

5 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-e224688ae715:312452ea6168

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, as sold, basis not stated

Reference and scope

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, as sold, basis not stated. Beef, as sold; Basis not stated by the source, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.05	0.025–12.5 (bounded)	0.05–25 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.05	0.025–12.5 (bounded)	0.05–25 (bounded)

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a basis not stated by the source basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-6058d0f97b45:82d2285209fc

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, frozen

Reference and scope

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, frozen. Beef, frozen; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	≤10	≤10
Alternative weighting	≤10	≤10	≤10

3 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Mohamed et al. 2023	3	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, frozen on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Mohamed et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, frozen on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Mohamed et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-d4e24041609e:edfbb027d661

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, canned

Reference and scope

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, canned. Beef, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤2	≤2	≤2
Alternative weighting	≤2	≤2	≤2

7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Stojanović et al. 2021	7	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Stojanović et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, canned on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Stojanović et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-0c1e04255039:86626c53dfe1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI beef Pb reference · Beef, cooked. Beef, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤4	≤4	≤4
Alternative weighting	≤4	≤4	≤4

28 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	50%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-b139fd713afc:244bf23ad612

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1.3	1–5 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1.3	1–5 (bounded)

106 reference units; 6 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	92	17%
Bilandžić et al. 2020	3	17%
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	17%
Mohamed et al. 2023	5	17%
Stojanović et al. 2021	3	17%
Szkoda et al. 2013	1	17%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

6 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-0c4db83fbf50:3bf5e94868e5

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, as sold, basis not stated

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, as sold, basis not stated. Beef, as sold; Basis not stated by the source, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.013	0.0065–25 (bounded)	0.013–50 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.013	0.0065–25 (bounded)	0.013–50 (bounded)

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a basis not stated by the source basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-97adc9abc89d:ada6442ece3d

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, frozen

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, frozen. Beef, frozen; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5	≤5	≤5
Alternative weighting	≤5	≤5	≤5

6 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Mohamed et al. 2023	6	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, frozen on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Mohamed et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, frozen on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Mohamed et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-a821d2b1aa5a:a8546c101ae7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, canned

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, canned. Beef, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.4	≤0.4	1
Alternative weighting	≤0.4	≤0.4	1

7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Stojanović et al. 2021	7	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Stojanović et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, canned on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Stojanović et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-3f35afb841cd:e1826da0e02a

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cd reference · Beef, cooked. Beef, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

28 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	50%
Spungen et al. 2024	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-98dc4e40c03a:481f3b4a32b9

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef tAs reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef tAs reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1.45	≤2	6.6–7.1 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤1.45	≤2	6.6–7.1 (bounded)

32 reference units; 4 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	26	25%
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	25%
Stojanović et al. 2021	3	25%
Szkoda et al. 2013	1	25%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

4 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-0ab328935893:b273c5e737fe

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef tAs reference · Beef, canned

Reference and scope

HMI beef tAs reference · Beef, canned. Beef, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	4	5.19	5.39
Alternative weighting	4	5.19	5.39

7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Stojanović et al. 2021	7	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Stojanović et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, canned on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Stojanović et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-745077158554:f5fc20034d3b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef tAs reference · Beef, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI beef tAs reference · Beef, cooked. Beef, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	3.8	4.9	6.2
Alternative weighting	3.8	4.9	6.2

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for beef, cooked on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-299d4b0de5bb:ee2ce00f33ed

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef iAs reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef iAs reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	7	7	7
Alternative weighting	7	7	7

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-bfc0a87ee050:18a0faf11578

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.535	≤1.35	1.4–4.3 (bounded)
Alternative weighting	≤0.535	≤1.1	1.4–4.3 (bounded)

48 reference units; 6 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	24	17%
Dabeka et al. 2003	2	17%
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	17%
Mohamed et al. 2023	16	17%
Stojanović et al. 2021	3	17%
Szkoda et al. 2013	1	17%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

6 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-9efcc1cf6525:bec196f2f319

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, frozen

Reference and scope

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, frozen. Beef, frozen; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤5	≤5	≤5
Alternative weighting	≤5	≤5	≤5

10 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Mohamed et al. 2023	10	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, frozen on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Mohamed et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, frozen on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Mohamed et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-cbc42fab1c18:463810cf7762

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, canned

Reference and scope

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, canned. Beef, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.3	4.58	8.48
Alternative weighting	≤0.3	4.58	8.48

7 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Stojanović et al. 2021	7	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Stojanović et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, canned on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Stojanović et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-06bafafa41f4:fafea161f6fa

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, cooked. Beef, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for beef, cooked on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-ae0238930226:3fbda14b6407

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, powder or ground

Reference and scope

HMI beef tHg reference · Beef, powder or ground. Beef, powder or ground; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	0.46	0.93	1.4
Alternative weighting	0.46	0.93	1.4

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Dabeka et al. 2003	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, powder or ground on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Dabeka et al. 2003 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, powder or ground on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Dabeka et al. 2003

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-c62c13647975:ce1ef07532f3

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef MeHg reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef MeHg reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤19	≤19	≤19
Alternative weighting	≤19	≤19	≤19

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-f3226434a7a5:6a7d3c2dbaec

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Ni reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Ni reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	6	37.7	78.9
Alternative weighting	6	37.7	78.9

3 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	50%
Manfredi et al. 2025	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-a880fedf6a67:357af597eea1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Ni reference · Beef, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI beef Ni reference · Beef, cooked. Beef, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤40	≤40	≤40
Alternative weighting	≤40	≤40	≤40

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for beef, cooked on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-28d964512c88:64aa63003492

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cr reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cr reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	4.65	22.6	40.5
Alternative weighting	4.65	22.6	40.5

3 reference units; 2 sampling families. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	50%
Saraiva et al. 2021	1	50%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

2 sampling families with different designs; none is a probability sample of world supply. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-8258d3fd32e3:dd5b53e9e54f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cr reference · Beef, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cr reference · Beef, cooked. Beef, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤50	≤50	≤50
Alternative weighting	≤50	≤50	≤50

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for beef, cooked on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-3a37bcd21a5d:2b34d8334c50

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Al reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Al reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	3670	4100	4520
Alternative weighting	3670	4100	4520

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-e801b792b017:67b81c32964f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Al reference · Beef, canned

Reference and scope

HMI beef Al reference · Beef, canned. Beef, canned; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	669	669	669
Alternative weighting	669	669	669

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Stahl et al. 2017	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, canned on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Stahl et al. 2017 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, canned on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Stahl et al. 2017

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-e16423f10781:a407cf50dd3c

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Sn reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Sn reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤10	≤10	≤10
Alternative weighting	≤10	≤10	≤10

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
WHO GEMS/Food	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

WHO GEMS/Food is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

WHO GEMS/Food

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-7af0fb19f09b:498a856d28e8

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Sb reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Sb reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	0.7	0.9	1.1
Alternative weighting	0.7	0.9	1.1

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-499da610ca48:0852f25b7e26

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef U reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef U reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1.4	1.5	1.6
Alternative weighting	1.4	1.5	1.6

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-0ec8bc008e74:a2e479ca1a90

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef U reference · Beef, cooked

Reference and scope

HMI beef U reference · Beef, cooked. Beef, cooked; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤1	≤1	≤1
Alternative weighting	≤1	≤1	≤1

27 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
FDA Total Diet Study	27	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, cooked on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

FDA Total Diet Study is the only compatible sampling family for beef, cooked on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

FDA Total Diet Study

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-e07edda85ffd:a5cd94148e06

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cu reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cu reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1060	1090	1130
Alternative weighting	1060	1090	1130

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-544524d68bbc:00d52a83e756

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Cu reference · Beef, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI beef Cu reference · Beef, as sold, dry weight. Beef, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1350	1350	1350
Alternative weighting	1350	1350	1350

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Oladoye et al. 2016	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Oladoye et al. 2016 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Oladoye et al. 2016

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-cb3f143e8dc8:e3094314ca48

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Fe reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Fe reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	9600	9740	9880
Alternative weighting	9600	9740	9880

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-cda910eccad3:2fb9cf5e568f

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Fe reference · Beef, as sold, dry weight

Reference and scope

HMI beef Fe reference · Beef, as sold, dry weight. Beef, as sold; Dry weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	29000	29000	29000
Alternative weighting	29000	29000	29000

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Oladoye et al. 2016	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a dry weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Oladoye et al. 2016 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Oladoye et al. 2016

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-aea425ec9220:df5fab9ed068

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Mn reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Mn reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	1440	1520	1600
Alternative weighting	1440	1520	1600

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-28a49811792b:181b38975592

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Zn reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Zn reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	11900	12100	12300
Alternative weighting	11900	12100	12300

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-ae86a027747a:f0d3328094b4

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef V reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef V reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	4.8	4.95	5.1
Alternative weighting	4.8	4.95	5.1

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-3225bc92914f:ecf296eedb4b

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Se reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Se reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	40.7	40.8	40.8
Alternative weighting	40.7	40.8	40.8

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-3481869c26ec:ce2e6c333965

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Ag reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Ag reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	2	2.4	2.8
Alternative weighting	2	2.4	2.8

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-62fa9a2688e0:de0dcc8588fd

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Ba reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Ba reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	866	894	922
Alternative weighting	866	894	922

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-a581cc755865:bbf3a45c8fa1

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef CrIII reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef CrIII reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	4.73	4.73	4.73
Alternative weighting	4.73	4.73	4.73

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Saraiva et al. 2021	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Saraiva et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Saraiva et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-5d884fcc020c:ec1296a5b6d7

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef CrVI reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef CrVI reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	≤0.049	≤0.049	≤0.049
Alternative weighting	≤0.049	≤0.049	≤0.049

1 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Saraiva et al. 2021	1	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Saraiva et al. 2021 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Saraiva et al. 2021

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-c8a47a19a6f2:b929ad00c9e2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Mo reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Mo reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	140	182	225
Alternative weighting	140	182	225

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-25551141f44e:05bac20b36fc

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef REE_sum reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef REE_sum reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	10.1	13.1	16.1
Alternative weighting	10.1	13.1	16.1

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-b12d0076f77d:33b02962b077

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Sr reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Sr reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	2390	2440	2490
Alternative weighting	2390	2440	2490

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-5c1aa6b32ae5:beeffa3856b3

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

HMI beef Tl reference · Beef, as sold

Reference and scope

HMI beef Tl reference · Beef, as sold. Beef, as sold; As sold, as eaten or fresh weight, µg/kg; no moisture conversion. Distribution of subgroup median concentration values.

Reference (µg/kg)	Q1	Median	Q3
Primary HMI reference	2.3	2.6	2.9
Alternative weighting	2.3	2.6	2.9

2 reference units; 1 sampling family. Counts describe evidence units, not independent studies or certainty.

Contributing family	Reference units	Weight
Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023	2	100%

Methods

HMI pools subgroup medians for beef, as sold on a as sold, as eaten or fresh weight basis: monitoring results summarized as one median per reporting region, sampling type and collection year, total diet composites and printed sample values as single observations, and printed subgroup medians from ordinary farms or markets. Each sampling family has equal total weight. Non-detects stay as zero-to-limit intervals, so quartiles carry lower and upper bounds. Means, ranges and maxima never enter as observations. Other forms, other bases, targeted sampling and results from mining, industrial, wastewater-affected, experimental, fertiliser or manufacturer settings are kept out of this reference.

Inverse weighted empirical CDF; midpoint at exact cumulative-weight boundaries. At least four reference units and a definitely positive Q1 to Q3 spread are required. This is a display eligibility rule, not statistical validation.

Limitations

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023 is the only compatible sampling family for beef, as sold on this basis in the completed beef ledger, so this single-family reference cannot represent other markets. Reporting regions and purchase markets are not growing areas. Non-detects with differing limits widen the bounds. A position is descriptive concentration, not a safety or compliance judgment.

Admitted source families

Henríquez-Hernández et al. 2023

Reference version and interpretation

Frozen evidence selection: 2026-10-22. Method: hmi-pooled-reference-v2.

hmi-pooled-reference-v2:beef-96813d0d59ae:b1fa8b8e55a2

The reference is computed by HMI from admitted evidence, not copied from a study baseline. It describes the evidence currently in this scope; it is not a worldwide or current-lot benchmark. Source, year and region filters do not change it. Different HMI scopes are not one common ranking.

How metals reach beef

The evidence on how metals reach beef comes from studies that compared exposed and ordinary settings. Beef, frozen from frozen beef, Sharkia retail sample 8F had total mercury higher at 450 µg/kg, against 80 µg/kg for all 15 frozen samples, Sharkia in the same study.^{7Mohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, Alsayeqh AF, Darwish WS, Nasr EAA · 2023Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptNot reportedRead source →}

These are observational comparisons from single studies; the size of the difference depends on the site, metal and distance.

Which forms and regions measured lower

For total arsenic, the HMI reference median was lowest for beef, cooked (4.9 µg/kg) and highest for beef, canned (5.19 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{8Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →} The HMI reference for lead in beef, as sold pools 88 subgroup units from 5 sampling families, with a median of below 10 µg/kg and a middle half spanning below 5 (lower quartile) and between 8.2 and 10 µg/kg (upper quartile).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{7Mohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, Alsayeqh AF, Darwish WS, Nasr EAA · 2023Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptNot reportedRead source →}^{8Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}^{14Henríquez-Hernández LA, Acosta-Dacal AC, Boada LD, Zumbado M, Serra-Majem L, Luzardo OP · 2023Concentration of Essential, Toxic, and Rare Earth Elements in Ready-to-Eat Baby Purees from the Spanish MarketNutrients 15(14):3251Read source →}^{17Szkoda J, Żmudzki J, Nawrocka A, Kmiecik M · 2013Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studyBulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533Read source →} For lead in beef, cooked, the reference median was below 4 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 4 to below 4 µg/kg across 28 units.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{18Spungen JH, et al. · 2024Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Food Additives & Contaminants: Part ARead source →} For lead in beef, canned, the reference median was below 2 µg/kg, with a middle half from below 2 to below 2 µg/kg across 7 units.^{8Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, beef, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (2.05 µg/kg) and the highest in AFRO (36 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in PAHO (0.55 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (10 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

In one study, lead across 20 groups of beef ranged from 11.1 µg/kg (Meradia Bazar (MB), Dhaka, phase 1) to 69.6 µg/kg (Malibug Bazar (MLM), Dhaka, phase 1); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{19Hossain MM, Hannan ASMA, Kamal MM, Hossain MA · 2022Detection of heavy metals and evaluation of beef procured from the different market of Dhaka in BangladeshEuropean Journal of Food Science and Technology 10(2):1-10Read source →} In another study, lead across 6 groups of beef ranged from 80 µg/kg (fresh meat, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)) to 140 µg/kg (sausages, unit 3 (different manufacturer or supplier)); the lowest is the lowest observed in that study, not an established sourcing preference.^{20Todorovska N, Silovska Nikolova A, Pejkovski Z · 2023DETERMINATION OF As, Cd, Pb, Cu AND Zn IN MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS AND FISHJournal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences 77(2) (2023) 86-91Read source →}

Processing, cooking and preparation

Processed or prepared forms were compared only with unprocessed beef in the same study and group. Beef, cooked (all samples) had lead higher at 9 µg/kg, against 7 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (beef, as sold).^{21Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) · 2013The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic ContaminantsCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →} In another study, beef, cooked (5 city composites) had lead lower at 7.3 µg/kg, against 15.3 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (beef, as sold).^{22Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD · 1995Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Journal of AOAC InternationalRead source →} A third study found that beef, cooked (all samples (4 sampling occasions, composites)) had inorganic arsenic lower at 8 µg/kg, against 12 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (beef, as sold).^{23Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}

Forms differ in water content, so a per-kilogram difference is not by itself a measured removal or gain of metal.

Mitigation for beef

Lot testing against the applicable limit is the check that can be verified.

No measured way to lower metals in this food is in the library yet.

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Avoiding exposed growing areas lowered the metal measured in the studies available, but no study measured the cost or supply effect of doing so.^{7Mohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, Alsayeqh AF, Darwish WS, Nasr EAA · 2023Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptNot reportedRead source →} Metals do not move together, so a lot that passes a lead limit says little about cadmium, arsenic or nickel unless those are tested as well.

Testing beef for metals

Results depend on the method and its reporting limit. Reporting limits for lead ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 25,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for cadmium ranged from 0.3 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food) to 20,000 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} Reporting limits for total arsenic ranged from 0.4 µg/kg (Liang et al. 2019) to 100 µg/kg (WHO GEMS/Food), so a non-detect from a less sensitive method says much less.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{24Liang G, Gong W, Li B, Zuo J, Pan L, Liu X · 2019Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, ChinaInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthRead source →}

A useful lot result names the form, the basis and a quantification limit well below the limit that applies.

Buying and verifying beef

No maximum level for metals in beef was verified from primary text for this page; buyers should confirm the limit that applies in the destination market.

Exposure from beef

No source in the library converted beef concentrations into a verified estimate of intake for a defined population. Concentrations describe the food, not individual risk.

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Every source record that names beef was decided on its content: 45 occurrence extracted, 45 records in all. The occurrence table renders every extracted result; held values remain visible with their reason.

References identify the sources used in these answers. The Sources index preserves additional discovery links; inclusion there does not mean a source has been reviewed for this assessment. Corrections, completed searches, new direct evidence and changes in requirements should reopen the relevant answer.

Beef FAQs

What heavy metals are found in beef?

The library reports lead, cadmium, total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, total mercury, methylmercury, nickel, chromium, aluminium, tin, antimony, uranium, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, Se, Ag, AsIII, AsV, Ba, Be, CrIII, CrVI, Mg, Mo, REE_sum, Sr and Tl in beef, most often lead, cadmium and total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{3Adjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, Blessie E · 2023Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsCornous Biology 1(1):26-34Read source →}^{4Unknown authors · 2021Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentPeer-reviewed articleRead source →} WHO GEMS/Food submissions reported lead in beef, as sold from 16,949 results in 4 reporting regions, with subgroup medians from 2.05 to 36 µg/kg.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

How do heavy metals get into beef?

In the studies available, beef from contaminated or exposed settings carried more metal than beef from the same study’s control.^{7Mohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, Alsayeqh AF, Darwish WS, Nasr EAA · 2023Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptNot reportedRead source →} Beef, as sold from chilled beef, Sharkia retail sample 1C had lead higher at 720 µg/kg, against 640 µg/kg for all 15 chilled samples, Sharkia in the same study.^{7Mohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, Alsayeqh AF, Darwish WS, Nasr EAA · 2023Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptNot reportedRead source →}

Which types of beef have the lowest levels?

For total arsenic, the HMI reference median was lowest for beef, cooked (4.9 µg/kg) and highest for beef, canned (5.19 µg/kg); forms differ in water content, so this compares foods as sold or eaten, not uptake.^{2U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2022FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsFDA Total Diet StudyRead source →}^{8Stojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, Balaban M, Antić V · 2021Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansResearch Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1)Read source →}

Which regions report the lowest levels in beef?

Among GEMS/Food reporting regions, beef, as sold had the lowest lead subgroup median in PAHO (2.05 µg/kg) and the highest in AFRO (36 µg/kg); reporting regions are markets, not growing areas.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →} For cadmium, the lowest regional median was in PAHO (0.55 µg/kg) and the highest in PAHO (10 µg/kg).^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}

Does processing change heavy metals in beef?

Only comparisons between forms in the same study are available, not before-and-after measurements of the same beef.^{21Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) · 2013The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic ContaminantsCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →} Beef, cooked (all samples) had lead higher at 9 µg/kg, against 7 µg/kg for the unprocessed form in the same group (beef, as sold).^{21Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) · 2013The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic ContaminantsCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →}

How much of the arsenic in beef is inorganic?

Inorganic arsenic, the more toxic form, was measured in 8 results from 4 sources, far fewer than total arsenic.^{1World Health Organization · 2026GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsGEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment ProgrammeRead source →}^{25Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, Font G, Yusà V · 2018Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →}^{26Baxter M, Brereton N · 2015Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodFood and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081Read source →}^{23Centre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · 2012The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionRead source →} Marín et al. 2018 reported inorganic arsenic at 3.2 µg/kg (mean) in beef, as sold from Meat and meat products group, Region of Valencia TDS 2010-2011.^{25Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, Font G, Yusà V · 2018Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670Read source →}

References

Works cited on this page, in citation-number order. See Sources for this page’s source inventory. Each title links to a source record with bibliographic details, reported findings, and document provenance.

GEMS/Food Contaminants database heavy-metal exportsWorld Health Organization · GEMS/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme · 2026 · extranet.who.intDataset
FY2018-FY2020 TDS Elements Analytical ResultsU.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Total Diet Study · 2022 · www.fda.govDataset
Assessment of heavy metal concentration and their relationship in beef sold in marketsAdjei RL, Nkrumah T, Okai MA, Kruenti F, and Blessie E · Cornous Biology 1(1):26-34 · 2023 · doi.org/10.37446/corbio/rsa/1.1.2023.26-34Peer-reviewed
Keywords: Meat, Heavy metal, Toxic elements, Health risk, Exposure assessmentUnknown authors · Peer-reviewed article · 2021 · doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1102078/v1Peer-reviewed
Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Beef and Pork Meat Cuts Available to the Population in the Croatian CapitalBilandžić N, Sedak M, Čalopek B, Đokić M, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, et al. · Foods 2020, 9, 1861 · 2020 · doi.org/10.3390/foods9121861Peer-reviewed
Heavy Metals and PAHs in Meat, Milk, and Seafood From Augusta Area (Southern Italy): Contamination Levels, Dietary Intake, and Human Exposure AssessmentDi Bella C, Traina A, Giosue C, Carpintieri D, Lo Dico GM, Bellante A, et al. · Frontiers in Public Health 8:273 · 2020 · doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00273Peer-reviewed
Detection and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in chilled and frozen meat collected from Sharkia province in EgyptMohamed NH, Yahya G, El Bayoumi RM, Hussein MAM, Cavalu S, Dahshan H, et al. · 2023 · doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i12.21Peer-reviewed
Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cansStojanović B, Janković S, Đorđević V, Marjanović S, Vasilev D, Stojanović Z, et al. · Research Square preprint, posted 26 February 2021 (version 1) · 2021 · doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-271859/v1Preprint
Risks assessment of toxic metals in canned meat and chickenA.E. Morshdy, R.E. Yousef, A.E. Tharwat, and M.A. Hussein · Food Research · 2023 · doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.7(1).710Peer-reviewed
Technogenic contamination of livestock- and fish-derived food products with heavy metals and radionuclides in industrial and post-nuclear regions of KazakhstanAdilbekov Z, Mustafina R, Suleimenov S, Serikova A, Zhuzzassarova G, Suranshiyev Z, et al. · Veterinary World 2026, 19(3): 1052-1068 · 2026 · doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1052-1068Peer-reviewed
Assessment of quality and safety of meats from various animal species in the Shuchinsk-Burabay resort zone, KazakhstanMaikanov BS, Ismagulova GT, Auteleyeva LT, Kemeshov ZO, and Zhanabayeva DK · Veterinary World 14(6):1615-1621 · 2021 · doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1615-1621Peer-reviewed
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in imported frozen bovine meat and organs marketed in Sohag, EgyptRabeey MA, Sabala RF, Zakaria AI, and Sallam KI · Scientific Reports · 2025 · doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29927-xPeer-reviewed
Determination of some heavy metals concentration in species animal meat (sheep, beef, turkey, and ostrich) and carcinogenic health risk assessment in Kurdistan province, western IranRaeeszadeh M, Gravandi H, and Akbari A · Research Square · 2021 · doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-407310/v1Preprint
Concentration of Essential, Toxic, and Rare Earth Elements in Ready-to-Eat Baby Purees from the Spanish MarketHenríquez-Hernández LA, Acosta-Dacal AC, Boada LD, Zumbado M, Serra-Majem L, and Luzardo OP · Nutrients 15(14):3251 · 2023 · doi.org/10.3390/nu15143251Peer-reviewed
Analysis and exposure assessment of some heavy metals in foodstuffs from Ismailia city, EgyptLoutfy N, Mentler A, Shoeab M, Ahmed MT, and Fuerhacker M · Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry · 2012 · doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.638445Peer-reviewed
Descriptive Analysis of Heavy Metals Content of Beef From Eastern Uganda and Their Safety for Public ConsumptionKasozi KI, Hamira Y, Zirintunda G, Alsharif KF, Altalbawy FMA, Ekou J, et al. · Frontiers in Nutrition · 2021 · doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.592340Peer-reviewed
Concentrations of toxic elements in tissues of slaughtered animals and cow’s milk - a five year studySzkoda J, Żmudzki J, Nawrocka A, and Kmiecik M · Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, 529-533 · 2013 · doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0092Peer-reviewed
Infants’ and young children’s dietary exposures to lead and cadmium: FDA total diet study 2018-2020Spungen JH and et al. · Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A · 2024 · doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910Peer-reviewed
Detection of heavy metals and evaluation of beef procured from the different market of Dhaka in BangladeshHossain MM, Hannan ASMA, Kamal MM, and Hossain MA · European Journal of Food Science and Technology 10(2):1-10 · 2022 · doi.org/10.37745/ejfst.2013/vol10n2pp110Peer-reviewed
DETERMINATION OF As, Cd, Pb, Cu AND Zn IN MEAT, MEAT PRODUCTS AND FISHTodorovska N, Silovska Nikolova A, and Pejkovski Z · Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences 77(2) (2023) 86-91 · 2023 · doi.org/10.55302/JAFES23772086tPeer-reviewed
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Metallic ContaminantsCentre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2013 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment
Survey of Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Nickel, and Cobalt in Food Composites and Estimation of Dietary Intakes of These Elements by Canadians in 1986-1988Dabeka RW and McKenzie AD · Journal of AOAC International · 1995 · academic.oup.comPeer-reviewed
The First Hong Kong Total Diet Study: Inorganic ArsenicCentre for Food Safety FEHD HKSAR · Centre for Food Safety, Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region · 2012 · www.cfs.gov.hkGovernment
Analysis of Heavy Metals in Foodstuffs and an Assessment of the Health Risks to the General Public via Consumption in Beijing, ChinaLiang G, Gong W, Li B, Zuo J, Pan L, and Liu X · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2019 · doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060909Peer-reviewed
Assessment of metal levels in foodstuffs from the Region of Valencia (Spain)Marín S, Pardo O, Sánchez A, Sanchis Y, Vélez D, Devesa V, et al. · Toxicology Reports 5 (2018) 654-670 · 2018 · doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.005Peer-reviewed
Total Diet Study of metals and other elements in foodBaxter M and Brereton N · Food and Environment Research Agency report for the UK Food Standards Agency, Fera report 15/06, project FS102081 · 2015 · www.food.gov.ukGovernment

Sources

Browse Beef Sources for sources cited on this page and additional discovery candidates. The searchable index distinguishes verified citation use from discovery relationships whose relevance has not been established.

Update history

22 October 2026: Rebuilt from every beef record in the library: 45 occurrence sources, references by form and basis, same-study contrasts.

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Heavy metals in Beef

Beef overview

What counts as beef

Heavy metal contamination profile of beef

How metals reach beef

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for beef

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing beef for metals

Buying and verifying beef

Exposure from beef

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Beef FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Referenced by

Graph View

Heavy metals in Beef

Beef overview

What counts as beef

Heavy metal contamination profile of beef

How metals reach beef

Which forms and regions measured lower

Processing, cooking and preparation

Mitigation for beef

Trade-offs and limits of controls

Testing beef for metals

Buying and verifying beef

Exposure from beef

Evidence review and remaining gaps

Beef FAQs

References

Sources

Update history

Related ingredients

Referenced by

Graph View