bioaccumulation of arsenic

Overview

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Key numbers

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bacteria signiﬁcantly reduced As loading in ﬁnal produce (25–52%), thereby
million ton (Mt) in the 2024–25 crop year (July–June) compared earth crust (27.06% by weight) but often insuﬃciently available
volume of agricultural waste as a resource rather than a liability 40% of As concentration in rice grains (10). The potential of
a notable brown discoloration of the roots, accompanied by a within stem tissues (35). Sclerenchymatous cells next to the phloem
TABLE 1 Interaction of arsenic with nutrients and its implication on plant and human health.
processes (Table 2; Figure 2) of vital carbohydrates, such
photosynthesis process (43, 44) (Table 2; Figure 2). According to down starch, namely starch phosphorylase and α- and β-
TABLE 2 Effects of arsenic phytotoxicity on plant metabolism.
As impeded the activity of nitrate and nitrite reductase, enzymes a 33–38% decrease, suggesting a diminished direct reliance on
crystal growth kinetics (83). Si incorporation has a retarding eﬀect As contents in the shoots and roots by 31.9–42.8% and 9.9–17.9%,
and blocking reactive sites necessary for phase transformation. increased Fe and As content in plaque by 9.4–53.7% and 28.0–
This results in the stabilization of poorly crystalline phases like 33.1%, respectively, after application of 0.5–2.0% RHA. Compared
ferrihydrite over more crystalline forms like goethite or hematite, to no-RHA treatments, 0.5–2.0% RHA treatments signiﬁcantly
both under pure mineral systems and in rice root experiments reduced the As contents in stem, leaves and roots by 50.0–78.8%,
(78, 84). The resulting plaques exhibit higher speciﬁc surface areas, 16.8–82.8% and 14.9–38.1%, respectively. 2.0% RHA application
greater sorption capacities for metals like arsenic (As), and altered decreased inorganic As content in brown rice by 30.8% compared
formation strength and silicate anions compete with arsenite for found that Si-rich RHA (0.64% w/w) almost doubled that As
further increased (40.8–205.8% in AIP and 2.9–187.9% in CIP) 3.2 Microbe mediated immobilization of As
by 22.4–235.6% and 51.5%, respectively, with HA supplication at play a role in the biotransformation of As (As) by oxidizing
et al. (109) found that indica rice grains had a 28% reduction the eﬄux of silicic acid from the root cells into the stele (Figure 6),
in As and in Japonica rice grains a 30% reduction after being enabling xylem loading and translocation to the shoot (115). Lsi1
to RHBC, which was already 25% higher than the control. its concentration gradient, a necessary step to move Si from root
upregulated with Si-RHBC, but this eﬀect did not reach statistical Subsequent to absorption, over 95% of Si is swiftly translocated
in turn, inhibited the uptake of As(III) into roots. (Wheat), and ZmLsi (Maize), as indicated in Table 3.
but only 0.1 to 0.6% is soluble (110). Plants absorb Si as ionized beneﬁcial and toxic element transport. Advances in protein
Both exist as uncharged molecules at typical pH ranges: H4 SiO4 (e.g., ar/R and NPA motifs) to discriminate between silicic acid
expression levels of the OsLsi1, OsLsi2, and OsLsi6 genes involved integrity of the cell, increase the thickness of the cell wall (77.4%)
in transporting As(III), but this increase was less pronounced than and the ratio of As in the pectin (19.6%). In addition, the pectin
in part, to Si-mediated alleviation of organoarsenic arsanilic acid been summarized in Table 4.
materials and maximum reduction of 16.2% and 17.8% in shoots 4 Agro-wastes
with subsequent decrement in MDA content. However, As content vegetables, fruits, dairy, meat, and poultry (132). These wastes
TABLE 4 Impact of Si application on antioxidant defense mechanisms
acid malondialdehyde (MDA) are generated worldwide, with over 90% in low-income nations
32.92–37.79%, respectively environmental deterioration (137). Asian nations lead in the
59.36–66.77% and year, contributing to a worldwide total of almost 1 billion tons
48.69–53.59%, respectively, (138). Due to escalating population pressures and food demand,
Rice Silicic acid @ Decreased O2 − ·, H2 O2 , (128) the surplus crop residue (Table 5) is improbable to meet potential
1.0 mM MDA content by 11–16%, demands; nevertheless, high-resolution spatio-temporal biomass
9–10%, 13–17% and availability may assist in overcoming current challenges in crop
showed a signiﬁcant mitigate As bioaccumulation in plants (Table 6). Although Si is
palm polyphenols (48%) and
activities (POD: 50%, PPO: worldwide include rice husk, wheat husk, palm oil fuel ash,

Methods (brief)

Waito-C and rice soil samples phosphate bio-fertilizer
Puducherry, India Bacillus ﬂexus, B. mucilaginosus, _ Soil samples from red Magnesium trisilicate, Bunt and Rovira The dissolution of silica (201)
characterization of a novel silicate-solubilizing bacterial strain Burkholderia eburnea 40. Kholodova V, Volkov K, Abdeyeva A, Kuznetsov V. Water status in
materials as a sustainable solution for the building and construction industry. Hybrid solubilising microbes (SSM) from soil and water samples as potential components of
1. Markovich O, Kumar S, Cohen D, Addadi S, Fridman E, Elbaum R, et al. and characterization of the high silicate and phosphate solubilizing novel strain
1. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.092

Implications

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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised