Rahim measured lead, cadmium, iron and copper in dried edible broccoli and cauliflower heads grown under three irrigation regimes in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. The tables preserve crop-specific differences: wastewater-irrigated broccoli had the largest listed values for the four metals, whereas cauliflower cadmium was greatest under alternating irrigation.
Key numbers
The experiment used three replicate blocks, with transplanting on 20 September 2018 and harvest on 1 February 2019. Tables 3–4 (PDF pp. 4–5; printed pp. 165–166) report means with an unspecified plus/minus dispersion, all in µg/g of dried edible tissue. B denotes broccoli and C denotes cauliflower; W is wastewater, A alternating irrigation, and the final C clean water.
| Treatment | Pb | Cd | Fe | Cu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B-W2 | 0.0250 ± 0.0006 | 0.0421 ± 0.0007 | 4.2247 ± 0.0009 | 0.1513 ± 0.0003 |
| B-A2 | 0.0245 ± 0.0003 | 0.0403 ± 0.0003 | 4.2173 ± 0.0003 | 0.1483 ± 0.0003 |
| B-C2 | 0.0241 ± 0.0003 | 0.0387 ± 0.0006 | 4.2117 ± 0.0007 | 0.1437 ± 0.0012 |
| C-W1 | 0.0240 ± 0.0000 | 0.0397 ± 0.0006 | 4.2190 ± 0.0005 | 0.1510 ± 0.0006 |
| C-A1 | 0.0242 ± 0.0003 | 0.0417 ± 0.0003 | 4.2130 ± 0.0015 | 0.1487 ± 0.0003 |
| C-C1 | 0.0239 ± 0.0007 | 0.0383 ± 0.0009 | 4.2077 ± 0.0017 | 0.1447 ± 0.0007 |
Methods (brief)
The randomized complete block field experiment at the University of Sulaimani compared clean water, Tanjero River wastewater and an alternating clean/wastewater schedule. Edible heads were washed with distilled water, shade-dried, ground and mixed. Nitric and perchloric-acid digestion preceded atomic absorption spectrometry for Pb, Cd, Fe and Cu. XLSTAT and Tukey comparisons were used. No element-specific detection limits, recoveries or reference materials are reported.
Implications
The paired treatment summaries contribute source-native vegetable occurrence and irrigation-pathway evidence. The dried basis is not interchangeable with fresh vegetables. The experiment is site- and season-specific and does not characterize all river water, all Iraqi produce or long-term dietary exposure.
Evidence Fitness: EF-3; directly measured edible-product summaries from a small controlled field experiment, with unreported analytical quality-control details and dispersion type. Summary-only status does not by itself exclude the source from later appropriately scoped analysis.
Wiki pages this source may touch
- Non-Root Vegetables
- Broccoli
- Cauliflower
- Irrigation water and soil amendments as anthropogenic inputs to cropland
- Lead
- Cadmium
- Iron
- Copper
Verification notes
Tables retain more precision than the abstract. B-W 2 is interpreted using the Methods and figure legend as wastewater despite prose calling it alternating irrigation. The table gives wastewater SAR 2.74 while prose says 2.24. Several auxiliary soil-unit labels appear erroneous and are retained as printed in the structured record. The source’s claims that values are below WHO/FAO limits and that river water is clean are not independently verified legal or health conclusions. No fresh-weight conversion is made.
Matrix vocabulary extensions vegetables and wastewater distinguish measured crop heads from environmental irrigation solutions.
The preserved Library PDF is identified by RPHMI_2; SHA-256 99b2fb0dbc892e98b453e056a472789e23625490d18107c282f678102bbade7f. The byline, year and publication were verified in the PDF. DOI provenance and any publication-date differences are described above. Original access location: https://tjas.org/index.php/tjas/article/download/361/635. Source-specific numeric observations, context dispositions, row-fit decisions and remaining gaps are preserved in the structured evidence record. No source value was converted across product, soil, water or experimental matrices during ingest.
Update history
No substantive edit history is available in this build. The full commit record is available in git.