Mumtaz et al. 2025 - Trace metals in infant nutrition sources in Multan
Mumtaz and colleagues measured trace metals in infant nutrition sources from rural and urban Multan, Pakistan and evaluated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. The study is routeable for infant-formula and infant-nutrition context because it reports Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, and Fe concentration summaries and risk indices by rural versus urban source. It should be kept market-specific to Pakistan.
Key numbers
- Target analytes include Zn, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Cd.
- Table 1 reports ICP-MS detection and quantification parameters.
- Table 2 summarizes mean concentrations of metals in rural and urban samples.
- The extracted text states rural samples showed higher Zn and Fe concentrations, while urban samples had a worse toxic-metal risk profile.
- The paper reports urban THQ for Pb as 2.33 +/- 18.4 in the extracted text and evaluates HI > 1 and TCR > 10^-4 thresholds.
Methods (brief)
The study used ICP-MS and reported concentration, estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, hazard index, and target cancer risk. Results are total element concentrations and should retain rural/urban strata.
Implications
Certification: Supports infant-formula and infant-nutrition context for Pakistan, not US-market standards without governance approval.
Courses: Useful for explaining rural-urban stratification in infant-food metal exposure.
App: Can inform Pakistan market context after table-level extraction.
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Verification notes
The same DOI was fetched under Cd and Ni formula gaps. This page is canonical for those duplicate paths.
Page history
The five most recent substantive edits to this page. The full version history lives in git; when DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.
| Commit | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0edf3ce | 2026-05-29 | ingest auto-fetched 2026-05-29 0000 batch 2: 10 source pages |