Overview
Meena and Kaur measured eight metals in milk from buffalo, cows and goats in Ujjina village, where fodder is irrigated with polluted drain water, and estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients. Concentrations are on a dry-milk basis. Most per-species values are shown only in bar charts; the text prints selected means.
Key numbers
- Cow milk: lead 0.41 ppm and nickel 0.16 ppm, dry weight (Results, p. 1605).
- Buffalo milk: lead 0.28 ppm and cadmium 0.13 ppm, dry weight (Results, p. 1605).
- Goat milk: lead 0.05 ppm and cadmium 0.01 ppm, dry weight (Results, p. 1605).
- Study-level lead and cadmium are both printed as 0.234 mg/kg; the cadmium figure conflicts with the species means (Discussion, p. 1608).
Methods (brief)
Milk was dried at 70 °C, and 3 g of dry milk were digested with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and read by atomic absorption or polarography. Only a reagent blank is reported; there are no detection limits, reference materials or recoveries.
Evidence Fitness
A wastewater-affected site, not ordinary market milk. Sample counts are not given, results are dry weight, cow milk values for most metals are figure-only, and the study-level cadmium value is internally inconsistent. The title mentions milk products, but only milk was analysed. Raw farm milk is a proxy for half-and-half, skim milk and semi-skimmed milk, none of which were measured.