Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014; Vol. 7(2): 60–72. interdisciplinary

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Copyright © 2014 SETOX & IEPT, SASc.
• tion License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use,
• Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore-57, Karnataka, India
• is monitored by the properties of the given metal and by 2013; Nagajyoti et al., 2010). The most commonly found
• 2010). The main objective of this review is to provide chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, all of which cause
• effects on the environment and living organisms. Heavy al., 2000). Heavy metals enter the surroundings by natu-
• sess a specific density of more than 5 g/cm3 and adversely of heavy metals include soil erosion, natural weathering
• affect the environment and living organisms (Järup, 2003). of the earth’s crust, mining, industrial effluents, urban
• chemical and physiological functions in living organisms applied to crops, and many others (Morais et al., 2012).
• when in very low concentrations, however they become Figure 1 shows the global production and consumption
• noxious when they exceed certain threshold concentra- of selected toxic metals during 1850–1990 (Nriagu, 1996).
• Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore - 560057, India. are not made for them by displacing original metals from
• TEL.: +919964716386 • E-MAIL: blessym21@gmail.com their natural binding sites causing malfunctioning of cells
• and ultimately toxicity. Previous research has found that 90 4500
• nuclear proteins (Flora et al., 2008). Cu
• Heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms 40
• standpoints (Hughes et al., 1988). It has a semimetallic 0 0
• 2007). Arsenic is the twentieth most abundant element on Figure 1. The global production and consumption of selected
• earth and its inorganic forms such as arsenite and arsenate toxic metals during 1850–1990 (Adapted from Nriagu, 1996).
• (Mazumder, 2008; Saha et al., 1999). Arsenic is a proto- Wastes from
• cell enzymes and mitosis (Gordon & Quastel, 1948). Sources of lead Soil wastes
• Figure 2. Various sources of lead pollution in the environment
• are bioindication of chronic arsenic exposure. However given conditions. Figure 2 shows various sources of lead
• MMA (III) is not excreted and remains inside the cell as pollution in the environment (Sharma & Dubey, 2005).
• carcinogenesis (Singh et al., 2007). plumbing pipes, pewter pitchers, storage batteries, toys
• and faucets (Thürmer et al., 2002). In the US, more than
• Lead 100 to 200,000 tons of lead per year is being released
• bright silvery metal, slightly bluish in a dry atmosphere. due to food or drinking water (Goyer, 1990). Lead is an
• Copyright © 2014 SETOX & Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, SASc.
• 62 Toxicity of heavy metals
• causing lipid membrane damage that ultimately leads accounts for 90% of the total glutathione content and the
• to damage of chlorophyll and photosynthetic processes oxidized form (GSSG) accounts for 10% under normal
• et al., 2014). Some research revealed that lead is capable the concentration of GSSG exceeds the concentration
• its components (Yongsheng et al., 2011). Even at low lipid molecules present inside the cell membrane, which
• concentrations, lead treatment was found to cause huge eventually causes lipid peroxidation (Wadhwa et al., 2012;
• instability in ion uptake by plants, which in turn leads to Flora et al., 2012). At very high concentrations, ROS may
• (Mostafa et al., 2012). cellular level (Mathew et al., 2011).
• Lead metal causes toxicity in living cells by following ionic cations like Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and monovalent cations like
• intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Figure 3 folding, maturation, apoptosis, ionic transportation,
• present in the cell protect it from free radicals such as excitation and memory storage (Flora et al., 2012).
• H2O2. Under the influence of lead, however, the level of
• charges of industrial wastewater (Chen et al., 2012).

Methods (brief)

• dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). In this biotransformation Additives in gasoline
• iAs (V)  iAs (lll) MMA (V)  MMA (lll)  DMA (V)
• MMA (V) and DMA (V), which excreted through urine
• et al., 1990). Living organisms in water, such as seaweeds 5 μg/L – ICP, whereas in groundwater the concentration
• 2013). Enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphodiesterase, collected groundwater exceeded the permissible limit set
• Bernard A. (2008). Cadmium & its adverse effects on human health. Indian J als, and vitamins, in Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Ther-
• Med Res 128(4): 557–64. apeutics, 10th Edition (Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG eds), pp. 1487–

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, clams, oysters, mussels)
• Seaweed/kelp foods (nori, wakame, kombu, dulse — as food products)
• Mercury
• Mercury
• Cadmium
• Lead
• Arsenic
• Nickel
• Aluminum
• Tin
• Chromium

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.