Promoting health and sustainability: exploring safer alternatives

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

Plan, the initiative aims to cut microplastic pollution by 30.0% by 2030 (News, 2023; Commission, 2023).
material composed by two glucose polymers: amylose (20.0–30.0%) and amylopectin (70.0–80.0%) (Lovegrove et al., 2017). Starch
2022). These substances are classified as linear and cyclic, with notable differences in their molecular structures. This distinction
mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg in a solution of 5 kg/mL. It was also performed an embryoid body test to evaluate the
D5 increased the number of follicles in the ovary (higher in the 100 and 200 mg/kg groups (rising from ≈20 follicles to ≈25 and ≈ 27
follicles, respectively), affected hormone levels (higher luteinizing hormone levels in the 100 and 200 mg/kg groups, from ≈1500
D4, D5, and D6 in surface water ranged from 6.068 to 85.59, 16.35 to 313.1, and 14.24–309.4 ng/L, respectively. In soil, the values
D5 and D6 are restricted in rinse-off and leave on products (up to a maximum of 0.1%) (Commission, 2009, 2024; Barbaud et al., 2021;
already commercialized as alternatives to D4 and D5 in the market (Table 1). The information shown in Table 2 has been obtained from
To demonstrate the issues associated with these compounds, Table 3 offers examples of research that examined preservative
inhibitory activity against bacteria, yeast, and mold when compared to extracts and MeP in vitro, resulting in a 42.9% reduction in cell
manner, with the 2.5% (v/v) concentration completely eradicating microorganisms after 1 h of incubation, at concentrations of
0.25% and 0.025% (v/v) hindered microorganism growth starting from 1 h of incubation. Therefore, the effect of the 0.025% (v/v)
centration of 2.5% (v/v), showed stronger inhibitory effects on microorganism growth in cosmetic emulsions than MeP and plant
the 50.0% ethanol extract from L. japonica exhibited antibacterial activity only against S. aureus (5000 ug/mL) and P. aeruginosa (5000
Fish and birds Fish and bird tissue samples collected to study the DR of MeP: 92.3% in liver (smallmouth and Xue et al. (2016)
DR of MeP: 37.5% in muscle (smallmouth and
Human breast tissues To assess dermal absorption of paraben-containing MeP: detected in 152/160 samples (95.0%) Barr et al. (2012)
(312 ug/mL), surpassing that of the control. Similarly, the 70.0% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from M. obovata
activities of the ethyl acetate fraction were 2–4 times higher than those of the 70.0% ethanol extract against all strains except B. subtilis
hibition (over 94.0%) against Bacillus subtilis for certain compounds with aliphatic chains, bromine, and iodine substituents. Inhibition
seawater was also compared. NP): 45.40 mg/L
released into the aquatic environment by swimmers who put them on immediately before going into the water (see studies in Table 4).
This contaminates not only the water but also the marine life present in these places, including corals. About 10.0% of coral reefs
ZnO and TiO2 are inorganic UV filters allowed in PCPs in concentrations of up to 25.0%, provided that they comply with current
legislation (Group). Also, regarding organic UV filters, i.e. benzophenone-3 is allowed in cosmetic products up to 5.0%, avobenzone
sunscreen products to enhance photoprotection as an aid to other UV filters. Specifically, at a concentration of 600, 800 and 1000 ppm,
the annatto fruit skin extract provided an SPF equivalent to 10, 20 and 30 ppm of benzophenone, respectively. Besides, a compound is
classified into various categories, such as sunblock (%Te: <1; %Tp: 3–40), ultra protection (%Te: 1–6; %Tp: 42–86), suntan (%Te:
6–12; %Tp: 45–86) and fast tanning (%Te: 10–18; %Tp: 45–86). The %Te and %Tp values obtained from Annatto fruit skin extract
were examined at various concentrations. Hence, at a concentration of 200 ppm, the Annatto fruit skin extract falls within the fast-
tanning category (%Te: 18.56; %Tp: 45.25). At 400 ppm, it falls under the standard suntan category (%Te: 3.81; %Tp: 19.80).
Moreover, at 600 ppm, it qualifies as ultra-protection (%Te: 1.20; %Tp: 10.08), while at 800 ppm (%Te: 0.30; %Tp: 1.64) and 1000
ppm (%Te: 0.09; %Tp: 1.42), it falls into the sunblock category. These results support the photoprotective activity of Annatto fruit skin
were prepared, adopting a spontaneous emulsification method, in three different formulations: F1 (containing Tween 80 38.0% and
rhoeas L., Clitoria ternatea L., Carthamus tinctorius L. When 1.0% hydroethanolic extract of these plants was added to the formulations,
standard of a base sample, that is, it did not contain any extract. It was found that the addition of aqueous extracts at 1.0% of the
Lake. Red shade rouges with 2.0–8.0% microencapsulated butterfly pea anthocyanins were developed and proven stable. The natural
crobial pigments, being an important source of natural dyes, have a wide range of medicinal properties (Tuli et al., 2015). A study was
protection, as they can spread more than 99.0% of the absorbed UV radiation. This demonstrates that these pigments provide color and
means of measuring the ultraviolet A protection factor in vivo: a comparative study. Br. J. Dermatol. 164 (6), 1356–1361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-

Methods (brief)

HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
methylsiloxanes (D4 and D5) in surface seawater, sediment, and soil collected from Dongting Lake, China’s second-largest freshwater
samples. Even though, the concentrations did not exceed environmental risk thresholds, suggesting no immediate environmental risk,
concentrations in several environmental samples.
performed a componential analysis of each extract using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results revealed that
Paraben sample Aim of the study Relevant outputs References
Fish and birds Fish and bird tissue samples collected to study the DR of MeP: 92.3% in liver (smallmouth and Xue et al. (2016)
Human breast tissues To assess dermal absorption of paraben-containing MeP: detected in 152/160 samples (95.0%) Barr et al. (2012)
products PrP: detected in 138/160 samples (86.0%)
and E. coli. Moreover, to identify the specific components responsible for the antimicrobial activity, HPLC analysis was performed,
standard of a base sample, that is, it did not contain any extract. It was found that the addition of aqueous extracts at 1.0% of the
polysaccharides in food, digestion, and health. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 57 (2), 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2014.939263.

Implications

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Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
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Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised