Heavy metals in soils and selected root

Overview

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Key numbers

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• cadmium (Cd) in root vegetables grown in 16 allotment gardens in Warsaw, Poland, and evaluation of risk to health. 
• Materials and Method. The content of heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) was investigated in soils (N = 196 samples) and
• degree of contamination with heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Table 2. Content of heavy metals in soils from allotment gardens along
• Vegetables for analysis were collected at the stage of full 20–40 32±7 0.90±0.21 16.1±4.3 4±0.6 185±41 286±56
• being harvested from the allotment gardens, the vegetables 8 0–20 39±10 1.60± 0.34 16.6±5.1 4±0.9 215±46 234±51
• to hot digestion in 20% HCl. Before digestion, the soil was 9 0–20 68±14 2.20±0.51 11.2±3.6 16±4.2 184±49 520±99
• manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cobalt (Co) was Table 3. Content of heavy metals in soils in gardens located in the central
• in the surface layer was assumed to be within the range from 20–40 11±3 0.30±0.07 11.1±2.6 3±0.7 127±29 407±99
• Table 1. Content (mg/kg d. m.) of heavy metals in soils (n = 196) in 20–40 9±2 0.20±0.04 9.6±2.1 4±0.9 60±19 330±75
• Table 4. Content (mg/kg d. m.) of Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn in roots of vegetables grown in allotment gardens
• precipitation, and the use of PPPs containing Zn and Cu. A vegetables evidenced a deficiency of Mn (8). The vegetables
• greater amount of Pb and Zn was found in the samples of soil contained Zn from 21 – 233 mg/kg d. m. (dry mass), with
• the deeper layer, the content of Zn was significantly correlated vegetables remained within the range 2.0–44.7 mg/kg d. m.
• with the amount of Pb (r2 = 0.6091++ and r2 = 0.5911++), while A higher amount of Cu was found in vegetables from the
• was: Pb from 1.5 – 8.1, Cd from 0.7 – 8.4, Cu from 1.1 – 3.5, The examined vegetables contained an alarmingly
• and Zn from 2.3 – 10.1. The content of Pb and Zn in soils high amount of Pb (1–74 mg/kg d. m.) and Cd (0.10–
• of allotment gardens located in the vicinity of busy traffic 6.7 mg/kg d.m.), despite a medium contamination of soils
• routes indicated their increase. The results obtained (Tab. 3) with these metals, which means they originated from dry
• as poorly contaminated with Pb and Zn (over 20–50 mg/kg beetroots, celery, and carrots. Considering the mean amounts
• soil, and 50–200 mg/kg soil, respectively), or as contaminated
• (containing Pb over 50 mg/kg soil, and Zn over 200 mg/kg Table 5. Quantitative ration between heavy metals in vegetables
• designated for growing vegetables, whereas in the gardens L 0.17 72.21 0.46
• from 9–17.8 times greater amount of Pb, and from 4.6–8.8 and settling in soil on which vegetables are grown create risk
• consuming roots of locally grown vegetables, included 54 soil which, although not exceeding the specified allowable values,
• samples and 70 samples of vegetables from 7 selected cities with time may cause health problems. Negative effects distant
• content of Cd in investigated soils was 4.8 mg/kg d.m., which mental retardation and immunosuppression (14, 15, 16).
• is 160% of the maximum allowable value. The highest mean Table 6 presents classification of heavy metals according to
• from family allotment gardens – 15.2 mg/kg d.m. It was
• found that in as many as 66 from among 70 samples of Table 6. Classification of heavy metals according to their toxicity
• (Cd, Cr, Pb), in samples of soil, and 3 vegetable plants (carrots,
• (Pb, Cu and Zn) in edible leafy vegetables among the HE is harmful to humans; 2) dose-response, i.e. finding the
• mean concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn – 5.56, 3.35, and using the exposure formula with exposure parameters;
• 5.27 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Pb in the 4) characteristics of the risk which determines whether
• all heavy metals was clearly lower than 1 and did not exceed THQ for vegetables would add up to nearly 1. However, if
• as the dose taken (US EPA) (20). compared to other vegetables. The HQ values showed the
• Table 7 demonstrates the hazard quotient (HQ) for an CR – cancer risk;
• Table 7. Calculated HQ for an adult person for the selected heavy metals cases per unit of absorbed dose of the substance (e.g. per
• Vegetable Cd Pb Cu Zn carcinogenic (20). Table 8 presents cancer risk for human
• Table 8. Calculated CR for an adult person for Cd and Pb in root 4. https://klimat.imgw.pl/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
• vegetables analyzed 5. Ferreira SL, Bezerra MA, Santos AS, et al. Atomic absorption
• Vegetable Cd Pb Chemistry. 2018;100:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.012
• CR for the examined root vegetables grown in allotment 10. Bosiacki M, Bednorz L, Spiżewski T. Concentration of heavy metals

Methods (brief)

• Materials and Method. The content of heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) was investigated in soils (N = 196 samples) and
• vegetables (N = 94 samples). 
• period – 20.5ºC (4). A total of 196 mixed soil samples were 20–40 37±7 0.50±0.16 23.8±5.9 12±3.4 192±51 200±49
• collected (5–6 samples from an individual garden) at the 5 0–20 84±19 1.60±0.40 15.2±4.3 4±0.9 320±69 253±56
• Vegetables for analysis were collected at the stage of full 20–40 32±7 0.90±0.21 16.1±4.3 4±0.6 185±41 286±56
• (consumption) maturity – 94 samples. The sample analysed 7 0–20 38±8 0.40±0.07 22.6±4.9 3±0.7 242±51 289±71
• was a mixed sample consisting of 6 individual samples. After 20–40 37±9 0.30±0.06 23.6±5.6 4±0.8 176±42 301±68
• the temperature of 65ºC. The soill samples were subjected
• to hot digestion in 20% HCl. Before digestion, the soil was 9 0–20 68±14 2.20±0.51 11.2±3.6 16±4.2 184±49 520±99
• absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (5). The content of
• purpose of the study, the depth of the soil sample collected 4 0–20 22±5 0.40±0.09 13.3±2.9 4±0.7 144±31 415±96
• In the examined soil samples, especially in the surface The above-ground parts of the examined vegetables
• greater amount of Pb and Zn was found in the samples of soil contained Zn from 21 – 233 mg/kg d. m. (dry mass), with
• collected from the gardens located along busy traffic routes the highest amount of Zn found both in the above-ground
• samples and 70 samples of vegetables from 7 selected cities with time may cause health problems. Negative effects distant
• the vegetables, samples of carrots, parsley, and celery were An excess of heavy metals in vegetables, and their subsequent
• examined, whereas samples of soil were collected from family consumption by humans, may exert an effect on physiology
• concentrations of this element were found in soil samples their toxicity (16).

Implications

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Wiki pages this source may touch

• Root-Vegetable Purees
• Cadmium
• Lead

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