all infants up to the age of 6 months and 600 IU/24 h for infants aged 6–12 months [16].

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

children (up to 3 years of age) and was conducted via a questionnaire. (3) Results: 79% of all children
Wilk test. For non-normal variables, medians and 1st–3rd quartiles were given. Differences
Female 57% (n = 289)
Male 43% (n = 218)
1 Value = Median (1st–3rd quartile)/%.
A total of 79% of all children (n = 400) received dietary supplements. In the group of
total of 15% of children (n = 60) took different supplements (e.g., for constipation, teething).
Table 2. Data concerning dietary supplement use.
(L-ascorbic 18% (n = 92) 6–12 m: 9% (n = 18) 6–12 m: 20% (n = 38) 6–12 m: 29% (n = 56) 100–250 mg 7–31 days
a Children who were breastfed above 50% of all feeds were accounted as ‘breastfeeding’; children who were fed
with infant formula above 50% of all feeds were accounted as ‘infant formula’; a lot of children above 12 months
and ‘Infant formula’ may not be even. b CFU—Colony Forming Unit. c 1 tablet provides a complex of vitamins
(n = 88) because their parents were susceptible to marketing and advertising of dietary
supplements. Additionally, 60% (n = 240) of parents used dietary supplements to improve
their children’s hea lth and immunity, 23% to improve their diets (n = 92), 15% (n = 60) to
prevent health problems, and 2% (n = 8) were not able to explain their reasons. Table 3
Table 3. Data concerning parents’ age, education, and place of residence.
GR1—children receiving dietary supplements; GR2—children not receiving dietary supplements; value = Median
significant differences (Table 4).
In the group of children aged < 6 months, 86% were breastfed (89% of dietary sup-
when being also breastfed; DS—23%, NDS—17%), 72% of children aged 6–12 months (DS—
supplementation, which was very low in children (Table 5). On the other hand, vitamin B,
Table 5. Dietary intake in children—general dietary intake and dietary intake taking into considera-
vitamin D, E, sodium, potassium—only AI are established. a multivitamins covering up to 50% of RDA for
Children taking vitamin D supplements (n = 324) had significantly higher medium
intake was 236.67 %RDA (170.34–360.53; p = 0.760), vitamin K (n = 40)—115.68% RDA
In this study, 79% of children received dietary supplements. In Piekara et al., 40% of
532 Polish parents took dietary supplements themselves, and 54.89% administered them to
Although in our study, 47% of parents were driven by the paediatrician’s advice
from the USA followed medical specialists’ advice (20), but 85% of parents decided to
more responsible: 81.51% of them followed the paediatrician’s guidelines to administer
those recipients was far greater, as almost 90% of children who took dietary supplements
ucts used by children provided > 50% of the daily value for vitamins (A, C, D, E, B2, B6,
very high (over 100% RDA). Unreasonable use of multivitamin supplements may result in
40–50% in the United States (66). Moreover, recent, extensive dietary analyses have found
market. After evaluating 80 different supplements (65% of which were multivitamins), the
median dose of ingredients was higher than AI recommendations for vitamins A, B6, B12,
maximum allowed intake (<10% of energy), with a significant number of children consuming
75.24% of the products contained at least one sweetness agent or sweetener. Sucrose was most
children—lollipops—can be made up of more than 90% sucrose or glucose syrup (80). This
In children ≥ 2 years of age and adolescents should be <5% of total energy intake, and
Since over 80% of Polish parents took advice from a paediatrician, it is crucial to pro-

Methods (brief)

representative samples of dietary supplements (n = 315) available on the Polish market (38),
behaviors by sex and race/ethnicity in a representative multiethnic sample of 11th-grade students in Texas. J. Am. Diet. Assoc.

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised