Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Heavy Metals

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

Several crops are cultivated and harvested around the world, with sugarcane (21%),
corn (13%), rice (9%) and wheat (8%) being the four individual crops accounting for half
accounted for 4% of the world’s crop production (18). Corn, rice and wheat are the crops
that supply more than 42% of calories for the whole human population (19). These crops
as rice straw, rice husk, wheat straw, corn silage, corn cob and sugarcane bagasse. Table 1
Table 1. Agricultural biomass produced in selected countries of the continents.
cultivation (45). Table 2 shows the list of various agricultural residues used for mushroom
Table 2. Various agricultural residues used for mushroom cultivation.
only cover 10% to 25% of the biomass on a dry basis, while the cellulose and hemicellulose
typically range from 40% to 60% and 20% to 40% on a dry basis, respectively (63). The major
wastewater (80). Heavy metal contamination has a wide range of effects on agriculture,
sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil (Table 3). Different anthropogenic activities can
Table 3. Sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil.
about 83% of the total pesticides used in agriculture (62). The application of phosphate
contaminants (Table 4). Specifically, P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus and P. florida were reported
Pleurotus sp. is Fe at 243.92 mg/kg of dry weight (103), while Lentinula edodes recorded the
highest amount of As compared to other mushroom species, which was 1.21 mg/kg of dry
biomass contained heavy metals due to anthropogenic activities (Table 3). The heavy
Table 4. Absorption of heavy metals in mushroom fruit bodies.
Table 5. Permissible level for heavy metals in food and vegetables according to FAO/WHO (2015).
and the environment (119). The permissible As level in food and vegetables according
to FAO/WHO (2015) is at 0.2 mg/L (Table 4). Prolonged consumption of high arsenic
84% (1.38 mg/L) and above the permissible As safe consumption level (121). Additionally,
content in A. bisporus was found to be 0.54 mg/kg dry weight (12). Environmental scientists
of heavy metals in the substrates (Table 6). Given the ability to absorb heavy metal ions,
Table 6. Chemical and heavy metal composition in commercial mushroom substrates.
Pleurotus eryngii(king cotton seed hulls and 25% Protein (21.5), Ash (6.02),
1. Schisler, L.C. Stimulation of yield in the cultivated mushroom by vegetable oils. Appl. Microbiol. 1967, 15, 844–850. (CrossRef)
industrial-revolution-impacts-on-the-environment.html#:~:text=to%20perform%20work.-,The%20Industrial%20Revolution%
20impacted%20the%20environment.,increased%20use%20of%20fossil%20fuels (accessed on 26 June 2021).
1. Balkhair, K.S.; Ashraf, M.A. Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in
wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int. J. Food Contam. 2017, 4, 9. (CrossRef)
1. Means, B. Risk-assessment guidance for superfund. In Interim Report; OSTI.Gov: Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 1989; Volume 1, pp. 1–2.

Methods (brief)

There are mushrooms collected in the wild such as Ganoderma spp. (reishi mushroom),
heterotrophic extracellular digestion process. The lignocellulose product obtained from
Pb has also been detected in Agaricus bisporus collected from urban areas, and the Pb
collected from Iselu market Benin-city. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2014, 3, 52–57.
edible mushroom varieties collected from different areas of Bangladesh. Asian J. Med. Bio. Res. 2015, 1, 495–501. (CrossRef)

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised