Overview
This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.
Key numbers
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- Journal of Animal Science, 2022, 100, 1–14
- https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac024
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- consisted of a complete randomized design, with 28 adult cats randomly assigned to one of the four experimental retorted diets: Control
- experimental period was 28 d, with the first 7 d allotted for diet adaptation. The total fecal collection was completed during the last 4 d of the
- experimental period. On day 21, a fresh fecal sample from each cat was collected for the determination of fecal metabolites and microbiota.
- among treatments (P > 0.05), and all diets were well digested by the cats. Similarly, fecal scores did not differ among the treatments and were
- within ideal range. No differences (P > 0.05) in fecal metabolite concentrations or microbiota diversity were observed among cats fed different
- experimental diets; only a few genera from Firmicutes and Bacteroidota phyla differ (P < 0.05) in cats fed SW diet in contrast to other dietary
- © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions,
- 2 Journal of Animal Science, 2022, Vol. 100, No. 2
- 2013; Bosch et al., 2014). Moreover, the ratio of saturated/ using 12 cecectomized, single-comb White Leghorn roosters
- unsaturated fatty acids is also favorable for some insect spe- (4 roosters/treatment) according to Parsons (1985) to de-
- cies (van Huis, 2013). Additionally, insects can be sustainable termine the standardized indispensable amino acid digest-
- livestock animals (Nakagaki and deFoliart, 1991). However, were housed in a temperature-controlled room on a 16:8
- feed conversation ratio and chemical composition. For ex- for 26 h, roosters were crop intubated with 24 g of the test
- ample, Argentinian cockroach and black soldier fly are more substrate. Excreta were quantitatively collected after 48 h,
- trient composition (14% to 30% and 17% to 24%, respect- a uniform particle size. Excreta were analyzed for amino
- ively) and on N conversion efficiency (51% to 87% and 43% acids according to AOAC (AOAC Official Method 982.30
- to 52%, respectively) in contrast to yellow mealworm and E(a,b,c), chp. 45.3.05, 2006). Standardized amino acid di-
- house cricket (food conversion efficiency: 7% to 21% and gestibility was calculated using endogenous values that were
- 3% to 12%, respectively, and N conversion efficiency: 22% derived across multiple roosters over several years according
- to 58% and 23% to 41%, respectively; Oonincx et al., 2015). to Sibbald (1979).
- feed conversion efficiency for these insects (Oonincx et al., In this study, a total of 28 cats were used, with 18 spayed fe-
- 2015). male and 10 neutered male adult domestic shorthair cats with
- Despite increasing interest in the utilization of insect protein average age of 2.1 ± 0.03 yr, mean body weight of 4.9 ± 0.8 kg,
- in pet foods, there is limited information on the chemical and mean body condition score of 5.4 ± 0.4 using a 9-point
- composition and nutritional adequacy and safety of these in- scale (Laflamme, 1997). All cats were housed in Edward R.
- novel protein sources in the diets of some farm animals such following a 14:10 (L:D) h schedule. Cats were individually
- as swine, fish, and poultry. From previous research studies, housed during feeding (twice daily: 0800 to 1000 and 1500
- the specific inclusion of selected insect meals in diets of farm to 1700 hours) and fecal collection periods but group housed
- poultry (0% to 15% black soldier fly larvae meal; Dabbou et body weight and body condition score were recorded weekly,
- al., 2018), swine (33% black soldier fly larvae meal; Newton and food intake was recorded daily. Cats were fed to main-
- et al., 1977), and aquaculture nutrition (36% fishmeal re- tain ideal body weight and body condition score throughout
- et al., 2018). Moreover, the chitin, which is a natural polysac- Three selected insect meal sources (i.e., SC, Nauphoeta
- mechanisms are still undetermined (Komi et al., 2017; Henry the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Montes Carlos,
- et al., 2018; Lei et al., 2019). However, most of the current Brazil. All insects were reared on a plant-based diet (i.e.,
- focused on determining the chemical composition and nutri- boiling water, followed by a 48-h drying period in a forced-
- tion adequacy of black soldier fly larvae. Yet, different insects air oven at 50 °C, and then ground using an electric screw
- contain distinct amino acid and fatty acid profiles, with vari- meat grinder (Botini 1/3cv, model 1645, Grupo Botini, São
- ives of this study were to determine the chemical composition during the adult phase (60 d of age), whereas the superworm
- of three selected insect meals (i.e., speckled cockroach (SC), was harvested during the larval stage at approximately 90 d
Methods (brief)
- experimental period. On day 21, a fresh fecal sample from each cat was collected for the determination of fecal metabolites and microbiota.
- ample, Argentinian cockroach and black soldier fly are more substrate. Excreta were quantitatively collected after 48 h,
- efficient in the conversion of ingested foods of varying nu- freeze-dried as a single composite sample, and ground to
- kettle heated to 65.5 °C for 10 min. The pre-heated mixture Experimental design and sample collection
- Table 2. Ingredient composition of retorted experimental diets fecal sample was weighed in duplicate for DM and dried in a
- Steam 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 each fresh fecal sample was allocated for microbiota in 2 mL
- Chicken meal 3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sample preparation and chemical analysis
- Madagascar hissing 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 Warminster, PA). Fecal samples were dried in a 57 °C oven for
- cockroach; MC1 approximately 7 d. Then, diet and fecal samples were ground
- collected from each cat into BD Vacutainer serum separator at 100 °C. After digestion, the solution plus sample was fil-
- ively. All samples were analyzed by the University of Illinois for 24 h. Dried residues were then analyzed by micro-Kjeldahl
- During the last 4 d of the experimental period, the total SCFA and BCFA concentrations in fresh fecal samples were
- fecal output was collected from all cats. During the same 4 determined through the use of gas chromatography according
- d period, a fresh fecal sample from each cat was collected to the method of Erwin et al. (1961) and Goodall and Byers
- within 15 min of defecation. However, fresh samples from (1978). Volatile fatty acid concentrations were determined
- in fresh samples with a Denver Instrument AP10 pH meter peratures for the oven, injection port, and detector port were
- Scientific TRACE 1300 gas chromatograph coupled with Total DNA extraction from fresh fecal samples was
- A 1-µL sample was injected at 220 °C, at splitless mode. A Laboratories, Inc., Carlsbad, CA). Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer
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