age infants were randomized to a Nordic group (NG, n = 41) or a Conventional group (CG, n = 40),

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the methylmercury infant-formula research pull. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

• Ulrica Johansson 1, * , Lene Lindberg 2 , Inger Öhlund 1 , Olle Hernell 1 , Bo Lönnerdal 3 , Saara Lundén 4 ,
• 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE 901 85 Umeå, Sweden;
• 2 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and Centre for Epidemiology and Community
• 3 Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; bllonnerdal@ucdavis.edu
• 4 Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; saara.lunden@utu.fi (S.L.);
• 5 Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
• current Swedish dietary guidelines on eating patterns and food acceptance. At 4–6 months (mo) of
• age infants were randomized to a Nordic group (NG, n = 41) or a Conventional group (CG, n = 40),
• 
   and followed until 18 mo of age. Daily intake of fruits and vegetables (mean ± sd) at 12 mo was
• significantly higher in the NG compared to the CG: 341 ± 108 g/day vs. 220 ± 76 g/day (p < 0.001),
• respectively. From 12 to 18 mo, fruit and vegetable intake decreased, but the NG still consumed 32%
• more compared to the CG: 254 ± 99 g/day vs. 193 ± 67 g/day (p = 0.004). To assess food acceptance,
• both groups were tested with home exposure meals at 12 and 18 mo. No group differences in
• Trial. Foods 2021, 10, 275. https:// produce offers high environmental sustainability and favorable taste composition to establish healthy
• Early nutrition is fundamental to growth and development of children (1). This sensi-
• iations. tive period of early infancy (2,3) also plays an essential role in establishing long-standing
• eating behaviors and dietary patterns (4–8). During this limited period, brain plasticity
• communicable diseases (11–16). It is therefore urgent to find ways to meet the dietary
• can also contribute to a sustainable environment (17,18). To increase children’s fruit and
• Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// parent nutrition education interventions have been evaluated (19–23). Most of this research
• creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ demonstrated short-term impact, lasting less than 12 months without multicomponent
• Foods 2021, 10, 275. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020275 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/foods

• 12 months) dietary interventions during infancy have been combined with measures of

• recommendations for infants (29). When aiming to diminish animal protein intake in order
• vegetables can be used to allow the meals to remain isocaloric (34). In the present study,
• (WHO) (35) with the addition of formula feeding. Thus, we define CF as the process
• ity (36,37). Studies on ND among Danish school children (38,39), as well as on adults from
• the Nordic countries (40–43), have shown positive health effects. Likewise, high adherence
• fetal growth (44). The WHO has concluded that ND has health-promoting properties
• as parents’ sensitivity and feeding practices during the meal situation (46,47)) as well as the
• examined how eating behavior changes during this period of life (46).
• long-term effects (>12 mo) on eating behavior and food acceptance compared to following
• the current Swedish recommendations for infants until 18 mo of age. More specifically,
• at 4–6 mo of age with Nordic, homemade baby food recipes with fruits and vegetables,
• 18 mo of age, and (c) educational support to parents through social media to increase their
• 2. Materials and Methods
• 2.1. Study Participants, Allocation and Blinding
• als.gov registration number NCT02634749) from April 2015 and January 2018, in Umeå,
• Sweden. A detailed description of the study protocol has been published elsewhere (50). In
• after study start (Figure 1) to evaluate eating behaviors and food acceptance at 12 and
• 18 mo of age from both the Nordic group (NG) and Conventional group (CG). A subsample
• for the OTIS study, i.e., healthy singleton infants, 4–6 mo of age at inclusion, born after

Methods (brief)

• 18 mo of age from both the Nordic group (NG) and Conventional group (CG). A subsample
• at the University of Turku, Finland. Samples were prepared following the recipes from the
• infant formula was added to obtain comparable samples to the homemade purée samples.
• Samples were frozen in small cubes and thawed to +4 ◦ C before use. The three dishes,
• Samples prepared for the sensory evaluation were served in a covered glass container with
• and to describe and evaluate different types of food samples. The training phase included
• addition, reference samples for each attribute were determined and selected (Table S1). The
• strong”) utilizing the anchored reference samples. Focus of the sensory profiling was on
• Data were collected with Compusense Cloud version 8.4 (Compusense Inc., Guelph, ON,
• were collected from both caregivers at baseline, which included information about family
• 2.11. Anthropometry, Blood Samples and Laboratory Analyses
• Anthropometric data were collected within 2 weeks of the infants’ 12- and 18 mo
• m)2 . Venous blood samples were collected by experienced pediatric nurses after a 2-h fast at
• samples were collected the same day as the anthropometrical measurements. If the infant
• Sample size was calculated to find a significant difference with medium effect size
• Samples T-test for non-parametric data was used. Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze
• attribute of the samples.
• 1 Independent samples t-test.

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

• Infant Formula Powder
• Fish — marine, non-predatory (sardines, anchovies, salmon, cod)
• Aluminum

Verification notes

• Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
• Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
• Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
• Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
• HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.