A review on emerging micropollutants: sources, environmental concentration and toxicity

Overview

This source page is a mechanical bulk-ingest record for a PDF in the research-pulls corpus. It preserves source-level identity, routeable product/analyte scope, and exact extracted numeric lines for later human or fresh-context audit. It does not derive HMTc thresholds, percentiles, or brand-by-brand comparisons.

Key numbers

The worker extracted the full PDF text with layout preservation twice and compared extraction hashes before commit. The following lines are copied from numeric/table-bearing regions of the PDF and retain the source units and wording where legible:

amount in water may be significantly from undetectable to a in the European Union (E.U.)26. In 2013, it released a directive
detergent, steroids, hormones, industrial compounds, pestici- introduction to aquatic environments to 1 ppb27. Switzerland
become a hurdle to various Governments around the world to 1ppb and 0.5 ppb, respectively33. No specified pesticide was
1. Source: Agricultural land or Industrial outlet, ming purposes. In the world, 11% of the population does not
effluent or Sewage sludge in open land. have a water supply, and 25% do not have proper sanitation
Hazardous materials are more toxic in lower concentra- cipal occupation that contributes 18% to the GDP of the Indian
tions and can cause acute and chronic disorders depending on economy. Approximately 58% of the Indian population depends
disrupting substances, pesticide derivatives, and hormones production of sugar is expected to be increased by 9% and 23%
Currently, India supports 18% of the world population quantities is also a reason for the lower use of pesticides87–89.
within 2.4% of the land and 4% of the water resources. India Though the loss of crops due to pest attacks is high in In-
data to plan its agriculture policies for the next financial years. 3kg/ha. Indian share of pesticides is about 3% of overall pro-
In the figure, 6 data of overall pesticides consumption and duction, used for 16.4 million hectares under cultivation (9%
various crops is mentioned. About 50 % of the pesticides are of the crops are infested with arthropods. Therefore, insectici-
18% of crop protection chemicals are used on paddy fields. months. This gives the farmer an interval between two sprays.
Following them, plantation crops (8%) and cereals and mi- and herbicides produced in India in 2016 are given.
llets (7%) stand in the line. These plantation crops like coffee
In the table above, 3, Insecticides, fungicides, and herbici- Central Insecticide Board and Registration Authority (CIBRA)
Table 2. Top 3 insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides produced in India along with the ir residual derivatives in water86,90,91.
The highest tolerance limit was set to 0.01 ppm42,43,104,105. cription. Reports related to illicit prescription drugs are used
issues107–110. Pharmaceutical pollutants are creating secondary with higher concentrations of amoxicillin (Nondetectable le-
In table 5 list of top 20 drugs prescribed in India which of APIs were found around the effluent treatment plant, of
includes both generic and bulk drugs. In India, the highest pres- which 21 APIs are above 1ppm Ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic, was
cribed drugs for lifestyle disease, specifically diabetes, then detected with the highest concentrations (31ppm), which is hi-
mol is a highly prescribed drug followed by Anti hypertension, the concentration of Ciprofloxacin is 35.4 - 6058 μg/L in water
pplier, and about 40% of these drugs are generic. Pharmaceu- fen are discharged annually to SIP in Udupi137–139.
about 50% of global vaccines. India supplies 80% of the anti- Eastern and western zones
decade, 62% of usage has been an increase of antibiotics. In- poultry, meat, and related products. According to a report, the
sites of pharmaceutical wastes. From the last 5 years focus of water concentrations as high as 2.3 ppb TCC has been used in
site for antimicrobial resistance evolutions. Researchers have concentrations up to 6.75 ppb. It is believed that TCC occurs
ground, surface, marine and drinking water156–165. (ppb). However, TCC has been detected at higher concentra-
metic product means any substance or mixture intended to be amphibians, algae, and plants170,171.
2320 in the effluent (95% of analyzed samples) and surface water usually used in an unregulated manner and disposed of wi-
(65% of all analyzed samples) with median concentrations of thout treatment increases the risk of exposure.
approximately 0.2 ppb and 55 ppb, respectively. The only other Over the few years, nations have been working on identifying
in surface water (40% of surface water screened), receiving handling these pollutants. Developing countries like India are fa-
0.28 ppb170,173. to create legislation to reduce the generation of EMPs.
preservatives used in cosmetics, toiletries, pharmaceuticals, 1. Drangert J-O, Cronin AA. Use and abuse of the urban groundwater
face water with concentrations ranging from 15 to 400 ppb 3. Tröger R, Klöckner P, Ahrens L, Wiberg K. Micropollutants in
tions ranging from 50 to 85 ppb172. plication of a multiresidue screening method. Sci Total Environ.
to protect from U.V. radiation and can be either organic (absorb 5. Drangert JO, Cronin AA. Use and abuse of the urban groundwater
(67.5% of samples in one study), whereas the flavorant men- port of selected organic micropollutants in urban groundwa-
thol was detected at the highest concentrations (1.3 ppb). The

Methods (brief)

tration is very high. When the water enters the stream, the- pitals are detected in the Indian environmental samples at
ces to the ecosystem111–113. These compounds have entered the mazepine), and other drugs were found in various samples
found in the effluent (1130 ng/L) and sludge samples (1230ng/ dia has consumed 12.6 X 109 units of antibiotics during the
tal samples in natural ecosystems such as sediments, soils, though, until 2004, TCC could not be detected at low levels
2320 in the effluent (95% of analyzed samples) and surface water usually used in an unregulated manner and disposed of wi-
(65% of all analyzed samples) with median concentrations of thout treatment increases the risk of exposure.
(67.5% of samples in one study), whereas the flavorant men- port of selected organic micropollutants in urban groundwa-
mental samples75. ities with nanofiltration. Environ Pollut. 2007;146(1):281-289.
1. Blair BD, Crago JP, Hedman CJ, Klaper RD. Pharmaceuticals and Quality Criteria for the Protection Of Aquatic Organisms and
and other organic wastewater contaminants within a leach- samples via methylation with diazomethane. Anal Chim Acta.
view. Chemosphere. 1998;36(2):357-393. doi:10.1016/S0045- ground water samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015;108:86-96.
A in Various Environment Samples Collected from Tamil Nadu, 153. Q Y, D Y, Y P, Y L, L X. Occurrence and distribution of an-
rhoea-related knowledge and practice of physicians in urban ria from soil and sewage samples of India. Infect Genet Evol.

Implications

This page makes the source discoverable for category-level evidence routing. Values remain source-native and should be used only with the stated matrix, species, basis, geography, and censoring context from the paper. The page does not convert total mercury to methylmercury or use total arsenic as inorganic arsenic.

Wiki pages this source may touch

Verification notes

Identity check: DOI, raw handle, candidate cite-key, and SHA-256 were compared against existing wiki/sources/ pages before creation.
Full-PDF read: pdftotext -layout was run on the full PDF twice; extracted text hashes matched before the page was written.
Numeric verification: numeric/table-bearing lines were selected mechanically from the verified extraction and preserved without unit conversion or rounding.
Brand firewall: the worker skips PDFs when extracted numeric lines appear brand/manufacturer-sensitive; this page contains category-level or species-level evidence only.
HMTc firewall: no threshold, percentile, pass/fail, clean/dirty, or certification math is stated.

Update history

The five most recent substantive edits to this page, classified major (evidence or structure moved), correction (a published value or statement was wrong and has been fixed), or minor (narrative rewritten without changing the underlying evidence). Each description is derived from what the edit did to this page; the linked commit is the authoritative record, routine regeneration passes are excluded, and the full version history lives in git. When DOI minting comes online (see schema docs), each entry below will also link to a version-pinned DataCite DOI.

Commit	Date	Change	Description
b01ec52c	2026-08-04	major	2 sections added
d49e450f	2026-08-03	major	5 sections added; narrative text revised